【摘要】：背景:作為當今兒童傷害四大類型(身體虐待、情感虐待、性虐待和忽視)之一的兒童忽視,已成為全世界涉及面最廣、影響率最高的一類。生命早期的忽視容易損害兒童的正常生長發(fā)育,嚴重者可導(dǎo)致死亡;持續(xù)的忽視則會對兒童身體、認知及行為表現(xiàn)帶來極大影響,這些深遠影響所帶來的后果是不可逆的。即處于心智未熟階段的兒童遭遇留守與忽視的處境,長時間無法得到父母的關(guān)愛,精神及心靈上也無法得到慰藉從而形成的巨大反差,使得他們內(nèi)心極易產(chǎn)生焦慮、恐慌、孤獨與渴盼,從而誘發(fā)出逃學、自殺、犯罪等一系列危險行為,尤其處于少數(shù)民族地區(qū)的農(nóng)村留守兒童情況更為堪憂。目的:本研究以湘西州農(nóng)村留守兒童忽視為邏輯起點,分析不同性別、民族、學段農(nóng)村留守兒童忽視狀況,并對其狀況進行影響因素分析,同時了解農(nóng)村留守兒童心理健康現(xiàn)狀,探討出各層面忽視狀況與心理健康之間的關(guān)系,從而豐富相關(guān)研究領(lǐng)域,促進農(nóng)村留守兒童身心健康發(fā)展。方法:本研究主要運用文獻資料法、問卷調(diào)查法、心理測量法、專家訪談法和數(shù)理統(tǒng)計法,采取分層整群隨機抽樣方法,依據(jù)調(diào)查對象納入標準,篩選出符合“農(nóng)村留守兒童”標準的作為本文研究對象。結(jié)果:(1)湘西州土家族、苗族農(nóng)村留守兒童總忽視狀況存在顯著性差異,在六個忽視層面中除醫(yī)療忽視外,土家族、苗族農(nóng)村留守兒童在其它五個忽視層面上均具有顯著性差異;不同性別方面:男女生總忽視狀況無統(tǒng)計學意義,但男女生在情感、教育忽視層面上存在顯著性差異;不同學段方面:初高中生總忽視狀況具有統(tǒng)計學意義,且在六個忽視層面上均具有顯著性差異。(2)湘西州農(nóng)村留守兒童忽視狀況多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示:身體忽視的危險因素主要有獨立房間(OR=2.036,P=0.000)等,保護因素主要有校內(nèi)住宿(OR=0.631,P=0.007)等。情感忽視的危險因素主要有與父親關(guān)系(好OR=4.273,P=0.000、較好OR=3.062,P=0.002);教育忽視的危險因素主要有與母親關(guān)系(好OR=2.769,P=0.005)等,保護因素主要有初中生(OR=0.470,P=0.000)等;安全忽視的危險因素主要有獨立房間(OR=1.412,P=0.022)等,保護因素主要有初中生(OR=0.484,P=0.000);醫(yī)療忽視的危險因素主要有父母之間關(guān)系(好OR=2.434,P=0.005),保護因素主要有獨生子女(OR=0.405,P=0.003)等;社會忽視的保護因素主要有父母收入減少(OR=0.646,P=0.007);總忽視的危險因素主要有獨立房間(OR=1.720,P=0.001)等,保護因素主要有家庭月收入1000元以下(OR=0.565,P=0.034)等。(3)湘西州農(nóng)村留守兒童僅在心理健康的情緒維度中存在性別差異,初高中生在心理健康的五個維度中均無顯著性差異;土家族與苗族農(nóng)村留守兒童在心理健康的五個維度中均不存在顯著性差異。(4)湘西州農(nóng)村留守兒童各層面忽視率、忽視度與心理健康各維度存在顯著正相關(guān)。受到身體忽視的農(nóng)村留守兒童在心理認知維度中存在性別差異,在思想、情緒和意志維度中存在民族差異,在思想和情緒維度中存在學段差異;受到情感忽視的農(nóng)村留守兒童在心理情緒、個性維度中存在學段差異;受到安全忽視的農(nóng)村留守兒童在心理認知維度中存在性別差異,在認知、思想維度中存在學段差異;受到醫(yī)療忽視的農(nóng)村留守兒童在心理思想、情緒維度中存在學段差異;受到情感、教育、安全、醫(yī)療、社會忽視的農(nóng)村留守兒童均在心理意志維度中存在民族差異。結(jié)論與建議:湘西州土家族與苗族男生易受到情感忽視,女生易受到身體忽視、教育忽視和社會忽視;高中生易受到教育忽視、安全忽視、醫(yī)療忽視、社會忽視,學習成績差、有獨立房間、學段和性別成為多種忽視行為的危險因素。湘西州農(nóng)村留守兒童各層面忽視率、忽視度度均與心理健康各維度存在著顯著正相關(guān)。建議充分發(fā)揮社會、政府的支持管理職能,加強農(nóng)村留守兒童的家庭干預(yù),積極引導(dǎo)農(nóng)村留守兒童轉(zhuǎn)變自身觀念,給予合理的心理健康指導(dǎo),養(yǎng)成良好的體育鍛煉行為等。
[Abstract]:BACKGROUND: Child neglect, as one of the four major types of child injury (physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect), has become the most widespread and influential category in the world. Early neglect of life tends to damage the normal growth and development of children, and serious cases can lead to death; persistent neglect can lead to physical and cognitive impairment of children. The consequences of these far-reaching effects are irreversible, that is, children in the mental immaturity stage are left behind and neglected, unable to receive the care of their parents for a long time, and unable to obtain spiritual and spiritual comfort resulting in a huge contrast, which makes them prone to anxiety and fear. Panic, loneliness and thirst lead to a series of dangerous behaviors such as truancy, suicide and crime, especially the situation of left-behind children in rural areas of ethnic minority areas is more worrying. To analyze the influencing factors and to explore the relationship between neglect and mental health of left-behind children in rural areas, so as to enrich the relevant research fields and promote the healthy development of left-behind children in rural areas. Results: (1) There was a significant difference in the total neglect of rural left-behind children between Tujia and Miao nationalities in Xiangxi, except medical neglect, among the six levels of neglect. There are significant differences in the other five levels of neglect between the left-behind children of the ethnic minority and the Miao nationality in rural areas; gender differences: there is no statistical significance in the total neglect of boys and girls, but there is a significant difference in the emotional and educational neglect of boys and girls; in different stages: the total neglect of junior and senior high school students is statistically significant, and in the six levels of neglect. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factors of physical neglect were independent rooms (OR = 2.036, P = 0.000), and the main protective factors were in-school accommodation (OR = 0.631, P = 0.007). The main risk factors of emotional neglect were father relationship (OR = 4). 273, P = 0.000, better OR = 3.062, P = 0.002; risk factors of educational neglect are mainly related to the mother (good OR = 2.769, P = 0.005), and protective factors are mainly junior high school students (OR = 0.470, P = 0.000); risk factors of safety neglect are mainly independent rooms (OR = 1.412, P = 0.022), protective factors are mainly junior high school students (OR = 0.484, P = 0.000); medical neglect. The main risk factors were the relationship between parents (good OR = 2.434, P = 0.005), the main protective factors were the only child (OR = 0.405, P = 0.003), the main protective factors of social neglect were the decrease of parents'income (OR = 0.646, P = 0.007), the main risk factors of total neglect were independent rooms (OR = 1.720, P = 0.001), and the main protective factors were the monthly income of the family of 1000 yuan. The following (OR = 0.565, P = 0.034) and so on. (3) The left-behind children in rural areas of Xiangxi had gender differences only in the emotional dimension of mental health, and there was no significant difference in the five dimensions of mental health between junior and senior middle school students; there was no significant difference in the five dimensions of mental health between Tujia and Miao left-behind children in rural areas. (4) There was no significant difference in the five dimensions of mental health between the left-behind children in rural areas of Xiangxi There is a significant positive correlation between neglect rate and mental health of left-behind children at all levels. Children in the psychological emotions, personality dimensions of school differences; by security neglect of rural left-behind children in the psychological cognitive dimension of gender differences, in the cognitive, ideological dimension of school differences; by medical neglect of rural left-behind children in the psychological thinking, emotional dimension of school differences; by emotional, educational, safety, and so on. Conclusion and Suggestions: Men of Tujia and Miao nationalities in Xiangxi are easy to be emotionally neglected, girls are easy to be physically neglected, education is neglected and society is neglected; high school students are easy to be neglected by education, safety, medical care, society and poor academic performance. The neglect rate and degree of neglect of left-behind children in rural areas of Xiangxi are positively correlated with each dimension of mental health. Children change their own concepts, give reasonable mental health guidance, and develop good physical exercise behavior.
【學位授予單位】：吉首大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G444

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