【摘要】：作為二十世紀(jì)最具影響力的事件,二戰(zhàn)一直備受史學(xué)家的關(guān)注。其中,戰(zhàn)后對(duì)德思想改造問(wèn)題也常常被研究者所提起。然而對(duì)于這段歷史的認(rèn)識(shí),直到今天,仍有進(jìn)一步挖掘的空間。一些更深入的問(wèn)題還缺少應(yīng)有的關(guān)注。例如,能否直觀地運(yùn)用數(shù)字將戰(zhàn)后的非納粹化與再教育運(yùn)動(dòng)給普通德國(guó)人帶來(lái)的影響量化,而不僅僅是抽象地概括?如果這場(chǎng)發(fā)生在四十年代的運(yùn)動(dòng)真的給予了德國(guó)人極大震撼,那為什么直到六、七十年代才出現(xiàn)大規(guī)模的反思,而不是更早?考慮到人口結(jié)構(gòu)在戰(zhàn)后的幾十年間發(fā)生了變化,后來(lái)反思與當(dāng)年支持納粹的是否是同一群人?如果不是的話,那又是什么原因造成了這種差異?要回答以上問(wèn)題,就得設(shè)法還原當(dāng)時(shí)的民眾對(duì)于戰(zhàn)后那場(chǎng)大規(guī)模思想改造運(yùn)動(dòng)的回應(yīng),而這正是不少現(xiàn)有研究的不足之處。相關(guān)論文大都重視利用歷史人物或新聞媒體的評(píng)論來(lái)分析論證民眾在思想改造中所受的影響,這種研究方法顯然有失嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),畢竟此類評(píng)論的客觀性難以得到保證。本文有意在這里彌補(bǔ)這種缺憾。文章通過(guò)大量分析當(dāng)年的民調(diào)數(shù)據(jù),再現(xiàn)了德國(guó)普通民眾在戰(zhàn)后走過(guò)的心路歷程。結(jié)果表明,戰(zhàn)后初期的多數(shù)德國(guó)人既缺乏對(duì)民主思想的認(rèn)可,也沒(méi)能擺脫對(duì)納粹政權(quán)的留戀,這與宣稱“非納粹化和再教育對(duì)普通德國(guó)人產(chǎn)生了極大震撼”的論斷有很大出入。事實(shí)上,當(dāng)時(shí)的民眾對(duì)政治毫不關(guān)心。是什么原因造成了這一現(xiàn)象?民調(diào)結(jié)果顯示,戰(zhàn)后糟糕的社會(huì)狀況與這種心態(tài)有很大的聯(lián)系,在那個(gè)食不果腹的年代,人們根本無(wú)心過(guò)問(wèn)衣食住行以外的事,虛脫,或許是最能形容當(dāng)時(shí)德國(guó)人精神狀態(tài)的詞了。在此結(jié)論的基礎(chǔ)之上,文章又結(jié)合戰(zhàn)前戰(zhàn)后的經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)分析了民眾對(duì)納粹主義和民主政治這兩個(gè)矛盾體復(fù)雜態(tài)度的歷史根源,指出正是社會(huì)狀況在這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的巨大反差造成了這種心態(tài)。最后,在這一思路的幫助下,文章又繼續(xù)往下深入,探討了六、七十年代出現(xiàn)的大規(guī)模反思與之前的思想改造和經(jīng)濟(jì)重建之間的關(guān)聯(lián),再次用數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)話,揭示了經(jīng)濟(jì)重建和思想改造運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)這種反思的促進(jìn)作用,同時(shí)也創(chuàng)造性地分析了一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵性變量——人口結(jié)構(gòu)變化,借此解決了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期被忽略的問(wèn)題,即徹底反思的,是否如人們以為的那樣是當(dāng)年支持納粹的那些人?如果不是,原因又在哪里?毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),對(duì)以上話題的探討,將完善人們對(duì)戰(zhàn)后思想改造運(yùn)動(dòng)的評(píng)價(jià),并幫助理解社會(huì)狀況對(duì)民眾心態(tài)的影響。
[Abstract]:As the most influential event of the twentieth century, World War II has been the focus of historians. Among them, the postwar ideological transformation of Germany is often raised by researchers. However, the understanding of this section of history, until today, there is still room for further excavation. Some deeper issues lack the attention they deserve. For example, can numbers be used intuitively to quantify the impact of the post-war deNazization and re-education movement on ordinary Germans, rather than simply summarising it in the abstract? If the movement that took place in the 1940s really shocked the Germans, why didn't there be a massive rethink until the 1960s and 1970s, rather than earlier? Given the demographic changes that took place in the decades after the war, it was later reflected whether the same group of people had supported the Nazis? If not, what causes the difference? To answer these questions, it is necessary to try to restore the response of the people of the time to the postwar mass ideological transformation movement, which is the deficiency of many existing studies. Most of the relevant papers attach importance to the use of historical figures or news media comments to analyze and demonstrate the impact of the people in the ideological transformation, this research method is obviously not rigorous, after all, the objectivity of such comments can not be guaranteed. This article intends to make up for this shortcoming here. By analyzing the poll data of the year, the article reproduces the psychological course of the German common people after the war. The results show that the majority of Germans in the early postwar period have neither accepted democratic ideas nor been able to get rid of their nostalgia for the Nazi regime, which is quite different from the claim that "non-Nazism and re-education have a great impact on ordinary Germans". In fact, the people of that time had no interest in politics. What is the cause of this phenomenon? The poll results show that the poor social situation after the war is strongly related to this mentality. In those days when there was not enough food, people had no intention of asking about things other than food, clothing, housing and travel. Perhaps the best description of the German state of mind at that time. On the basis of this conclusion, the article also analyzes the historical root of the people's complex attitude towards the two contradictions of Nazism and democratic politics with the economic data before and after the war. It is pointed out that it is the great contrast between the social conditions in these two periods that causes this mentality. Finally, with the help of this idea, the article went on to explore the relationship between the large-scale reflection that occurred in the sixties and seventies and the previous ideological and economic reconstruction, and spoke again with data. It reveals the role of economic reconstruction and ideological transformation in promoting this kind of reflection, and at the same time creatively analyzes a key variable, population structure change, in order to solve a problem that has been neglected for a long time, that is, thoroughly rethinking, Are they the people who supported the Nazis, as people thought? If not, why? There is no doubt that the discussion of the above topics will improve people's evaluation of the postwar ideological reform movement and help understand the influence of social conditions on people's mentality.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G41;G551.6

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

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本文編號(hào)：2233493