【摘要】：隨著我國城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的不斷推進(jìn)，土地作為城鎮(zhèn)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、居民生活與商業(yè)活動(dòng)的基本要素之一，在城市發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用，土地價(jià)格作為土地資源的價(jià)值尺度在土地資源的分配與管理中起著標(biāo)定性的作用。當(dāng)前，關(guān)于我國城鎮(zhèn)土地價(jià)格方面的研究已經(jīng)得到廣泛開展，其中城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)時(shí)空分布變化方面的研究也取得豐碩的成果，為城鎮(zhèn)土地的價(jià)格管理提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)。但是城鎮(zhèn)土地價(jià)格時(shí)空特征的相關(guān)研究仍有值得深入探討的空間，表現(xiàn)在過往研究空間范圍上較為單一，僅僅局限在城鎮(zhèn)內(nèi)部。另外，在具體的城鎮(zhèn)土地分等實(shí)踐當(dāng)中，由于傳統(tǒng)的多因素綜合定等方法速度慢、效率低，無法滿足對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)土地分等的及時(shí)性要求，因此考慮可以參照城鎮(zhèn)內(nèi)部以價(jià)定級(jí)建立城鎮(zhèn)間土地以價(jià)定等的方法。但以價(jià)定等方法又需要相關(guān)的理論研究作為基礎(chǔ)。在此背景下，本文以城鎮(zhèn)間地價(jià)空間分布規(guī)律作為研究對(duì)象，為我國城鎮(zhèn)土地的以價(jià)定等新方法提供基礎(chǔ)理論支撐。此外，城鎮(zhèn)間即城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)的時(shí)空分布變化方面的研究也能為城鎮(zhèn)體系規(guī)劃、規(guī)范城鎮(zhèn)間土地出讓價(jià)格、引導(dǎo)企業(yè)跨區(qū)域投資、完善地價(jià)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測與地價(jià)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警機(jī)制等領(lǐng)域提供有效思路。同時(shí)對(duì)引起城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)空間差異因素的探討也能明晰城鎮(zhèn)間土地價(jià)格差異的原因及城鎮(zhèn)土地分等過程中因素確定的問題。因此從完善城鎮(zhèn)土地價(jià)格相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)研究考慮，需要對(duì)我國城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)的空間與時(shí)間分布規(guī)律特征進(jìn)行深入的探討，同時(shí)對(duì)影響城鎮(zhèn)間地價(jià)差異的因素進(jìn)行總結(jié)。圍繞以上問題，依據(jù)城鎮(zhèn)等級(jí)體系原理、國土資源部頒布的對(duì)不同級(jí)別城鎮(zhèn)土地的分等分別進(jìn)行組織管理的技術(shù)要求，本文采用分尺度分層次的研究方法，以基于地統(tǒng)計(jì)分析模型的GIS為工具，以城鎮(zhèn)基準(zhǔn)地價(jià)（包括商業(yè)基準(zhǔn)地價(jià)、住宅基準(zhǔn)地價(jià)與工業(yè)基準(zhǔn)地價(jià)）為基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)重點(diǎn)對(duì)我國不同層次的城鎮(zhèn)體系三種類型的地價(jià)開展空間分布、時(shí)間變化研究，同時(shí)對(duì)地價(jià)差異的主要影響因素進(jìn)行初步探討，大體包括以下研究內(nèi)容： (1)確定研究所需數(shù)據(jù)的獲取方法。城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)空間規(guī)律的研究涉及眾多城鎮(zhèn)，當(dāng)需要將一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的地價(jià)作為一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)樣點(diǎn)考慮時(shí)，就涉及到如何用一個(gè)值表示一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的整體地價(jià)，以及如何獲得城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)的問題。因此需要根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)的來源，研究城市平均地價(jià)的獲取方法。 (2)探索針對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)空間分布特征的描述方法、測度體系。由于至今城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)空間分布特征的相關(guān)研究依然較少，相關(guān)模型體系尚未建立，因此首先需要確定城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)的描述方法和測度體系，，其次才能進(jìn)一步揭示城鎮(zhèn)體系中地價(jià)的空間變化差異特性。 (3)運(yùn)用地統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法對(duì)各層級(jí)城鎮(zhèn)體系的地價(jià)進(jìn)行多方位空間特征規(guī)律和時(shí)間變化分析，并對(duì)它們的指標(biāo)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。城鎮(zhèn)體系是一個(gè)具有多層嵌套特征的復(fù)合體，一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)系統(tǒng)通常由多個(gè)低等級(jí)城鎮(zhèn)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成，同時(shí)也是更高等級(jí)城市體系的組成部分。依據(jù)城鎮(zhèn)體系規(guī)律，探索性的將我國城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)體系劃分為不同層級(jí)的地價(jià)體系系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行空間分布與時(shí)間變化特征分析。同時(shí)，對(duì)我國不同層級(jí)城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)的指標(biāo)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，以期發(fā)現(xiàn)不同層級(jí)城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)的特點(diǎn)。 (4)遵循城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)空間分布研究的分維分尺度的研究方法，分別確定不同城市體系地價(jià)的影響因素。影響城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)的因素?cái)?shù)量繁多，錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，針對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)體系的不同層級(jí)對(duì)眾多繁雜的地價(jià)影響因素進(jìn)行梳理，進(jìn)而確定影響城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)差異的主要因素，從而為城鎮(zhèn)間土地分等時(shí)采用的多因素綜合分析方法的因素選取與權(quán)重確定提供依據(jù)。 通過對(duì)我國不同尺度城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)的空間分布特征、時(shí)間變化及影響地價(jià)差異的主要因素進(jìn)行研究，初步發(fā)現(xiàn)以下規(guī)律與特征。 (1)不同用地類型地價(jià)之間差異明顯。城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)的空間特征相當(dāng)程度上與它的利用方式相關(guān)。商業(yè)地價(jià)、住宅地價(jià)和工業(yè)地價(jià)之間在價(jià)格高低、分布規(guī)律和時(shí)間變化方面表現(xiàn)出了不同的規(guī)律特征。 (2)在具有一般分布特征的基礎(chǔ)上，我國各尺度、各層級(jí)城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)也存在不同的空間主導(dǎo)分布規(guī)律。在我國中心城鎮(zhèn)體系中，地價(jià)具有明顯的單方向空間變化特征；在省域范圍城鎮(zhèn)體系、城市群地價(jià)體系中，城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)通常以單中心或多中心為核心，向周圍呈階梯狀下降，空間分布表現(xiàn)較為復(fù)雜。 (3)地價(jià)作為反映城鎮(zhèn)特征的一個(gè)指標(biāo)，也存在一定的等級(jí)體系分布，且不同等級(jí)規(guī)模的城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)等級(jí)體系表現(xiàn)出不同的特點(diǎn)。地級(jí)市及以上規(guī)模的中心城市地價(jià)體系表現(xiàn)為中間序列的城市較為發(fā)達(dá)；省域范圍城市地價(jià)體系中低地價(jià)的城市占比更多；省域中地級(jí)市城鎮(zhèn)體系與縣級(jí)城鎮(zhèn)體系存在巨大差異；同時(shí)，以上幾種城鎮(zhèn)體系規(guī)律在時(shí)間上處于不斷變化中。 (4)由于城鎮(zhèn)間錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的聯(lián)系，城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)也存在特定的空間關(guān)聯(lián)性。在各個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)體系中，城市群地價(jià)體系的相關(guān)度表現(xiàn)最強(qiáng)，但城市群的相關(guān)度的區(qū)間跨度最大；地級(jí)及以上中心城市和省域范圍城市的全局相關(guān)性較為接近，整體比城市群低。在城市地價(jià)體系局域相關(guān)度和空間變異方面，因發(fā)展階段的差異與自然條件的不同，各城市地價(jià)體系表現(xiàn)出各自不同的特征。 (5)在時(shí)間上，我國各城鎮(zhèn)體系地價(jià)各項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)變化較為明顯。近十年隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)、人口等相關(guān)因素的劇烈變化，不同用地類型、不同城市等級(jí)、不同區(qū)域的城市地價(jià)均經(jīng)歷了顯著的變化。但由于引起的原因不同，變化的形式又顯現(xiàn)為多樣性。 (6)影響城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)的因素復(fù)雜，對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)影響因素進(jìn)行分尺度研究有助于降低研究的復(fù)雜性。通過對(duì)不同空間尺度范圍城市地價(jià)體系影響因素的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，無論何種規(guī)模級(jí)別的城市，城鎮(zhèn)集聚規(guī)模對(duì)城鎮(zhèn)地價(jià)都有著重要作用，但是不同尺度城鎮(zhèn)體系中地價(jià)空間差異的影響因素又存在較大差異。
[Abstract]:With the continuous advancement of urbanization in China, land, as one of the basic elements of urban industrial production and residential and commercial activities, plays a more and more important role in urban development. Land price, as the value scale of land resources, plays a qualitative role in the distribution and management of land resources. The research on the land price of urban land has been widely carried out, and the research on the spatial and temporal distribution of urban land price has also achieved fruitful results, which provides a solid theoretical basis for the price management of urban land. However, the research on the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban land price still has a space to be deeply discussed. The spatial scope of the study is relatively simple and confined to the interior of the town. In addition, in the concrete urban land classification practice, the traditional multi factor synthesis method is slow and inefficient, and can not meet the timeliness requirements for the urban land classification. Therefore, it is considered that the urban land can be established by reference to the price rating of the cities and towns. In this context, this paper takes the spatial distribution law of urban land price as the research object, and provides the basic theoretical support for the new method of urban land price determination in China. The research can also provide an effective way of planning for urban system, regulating the price of land transfer between cities and towns, guiding enterprises to cross regional investment, improving the dynamic monitoring of land price and the early-warning mechanism of land price risk, and also the reasons for the difference of land price between cities and towns and the urban land can be clear by the discussion of the factors causing the difference of land price in urban system. In order to improve the urban land price related basic research, it is necessary to discuss the characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution of urban land price in China, and summarize the factors that affect the difference between cities and towns. The Ministry of soil resources has promulgated the technical requirements for the organization and management of different grades of urban land respectively. This paper uses a hierarchical and hierarchical research method, and takes the GIS as the tool based on the ground statistical analysis model, and focuses on the basic data of the base land price of cities and towns (including the commercial base land price, the residential base quasi land price and the industrial base price). The spatial distribution and time change of three types of land prices in different levels of China's urban system are studied, and the main factors affecting the land price difference are discussed, including the following research contents:
(1) to determine the method of obtaining the data required for the study. The study of the spatial law of the urban system land price involves many towns. When it is necessary to consider the land price of a town as a data sample, it involves how to express the overall land price of a town with one value, and how to obtain the urban land price. Therefore, the data need to be based on the data. Source, study the method of obtaining urban average land price.
(2) to explore the description method and measure system for the spatial distribution characteristics of urban system land price. Because of the few related researches on the spatial distribution characteristics of urban system land price, the related model system has not been established yet, so the description method and measurement system of urban land price should be determined first, and then the urban system can be further revealed. The difference characteristic of the space change of the land price.
(3) using the method of land statistical analysis to analyze the multi-directional spatial characteristics and time changes of the land prices of various levels of urban systems, and to compare their indexes. The urban system is a complex of multi-layer nested features, and a town system is usually made up of a number of low-grade urban systems and also a higher grade city. According to the law of the urban system, the spatial distribution and time change characteristics of the land price system of China's urban land price system are divided into different levels of land price system. At the same time, the index of the land price of different levels of urban system in China is compared in order to find the characteristics of the land price at different levels of urban system.
(4) according to the fractal dimension research method of the urban land price spatial distribution research method, the influence factors of the land price in different urban systems are determined respectively. The factors affecting the urban land price are numerous and complex, and the various complex land price factors are combed for the different levels of the urban system, and then the urban system is determined. The main factors of price difference, so as to provide basis for factor selection and weight determination of multi factor comprehensive analysis method for land grading in cities and towns.
Through the study of the spatial distribution characteristics, time change and the main factors affecting the difference of land price, the following laws and characteristics are found.
(1) the difference between land prices of different land types is obvious. The spatial characteristics of urban land price are related to its use method to a certain extent. The commercial land price, residential land price and industrial land price have different regularity characteristics in terms of price, distribution law and time change.
(2) on the basis of general distribution characteristics, there are different spatial dominant distribution rules of urban land prices at various levels in China. In the central urban system of China, the land price has obvious single direction spatial change characteristics; in the provincial and urban system, urban land price system usually takes a single center or a single center price system. Multicentre is the core, falling to the surrounding ladder, and the spatial distribution is more complex.
(3) as an indicator of urban characteristics, land price also has a certain grade system distribution, and the urban land price hierarchy of different scale and scale shows different characteristics. The urban land price system of the central city of the city and the above scale is more developed in the middle sequence, and the low land price in the urban land price system of the provincial area is low. There are a lot of cities in the urban system and the county town system in the province. At the same time, the rules of these systems are constantly changing in time.
(4) because of the complex relationship between cities and towns, the land price of urban system also has a specific spatial correlation. In the urban land price system, the correlation of urban land price system is the strongest, but the interval of the correlation of urban agglomeration is the largest. In terms of local correlation and spatial variability of urban land price system, the urban land price system shows different characteristics because of the difference between the development stage and the natural conditions.
(5) in time, the change of the land price statistical indexes of each urban system in our country is more obvious. In the last ten years, with the dramatic changes in the related factors, such as the economy and the population, the urban land prices of different land types, different urban grades and different regions have undergone significant changes. Pattern.
(6) the factors affecting the urban land price are complex, and the study on the factors affecting the urban land price will help to reduce the complexity of the research. There are great differences in the factors affecting the spatial difference of land price in the scale urban system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F299.23

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