本文關(guān)鍵詞：交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)與城市結(jié)構(gòu)研究——理論框架與中美兩國實(shí)證案例，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

[1] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name lang="CN">王法輝, <name lang="CN">劉瑜, <name lang="CN">王姣娥. 交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)與城市結(jié)構(gòu)研究——理論框架與中美兩國實(shí)證案例[J]. 地理科學(xué)進(jìn)展, <year>2014, <volume>33(10): <fpage>1289-<lpage>1299.

本文從城市體系和城市內(nèi)部兩個尺度上總結(jié)交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)與城市結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。通過中美兩國城市的實(shí)證案例,從交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)和交通流的視角,提出了一個城市體系結(jié)構(gòu)和城市內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)研究的理論框架。其中城市的有序性是其共同理論的出發(fā)點(diǎn),包括城市規(guī)模體系和城市內(nèi)部人口密度空間分布的有序性,其在很大程度上決定了人類居行的空間分布模式�？刹捎媒煌ňW(wǎng)絡(luò)位置決定區(qū)位優(yōu)劣,從而影響城市興衰(城際尺度)、地價高低、人口疏密(市域尺度)和出行模式等加以理論解釋。城市體系分布的有序性、城市內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)律性、城市間以及城市內(nèi)交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)的拓?fù)涮卣?共同影響了微觀層面?zhèn)�體的時空間移動以及群體層面的交通流分布,從而為鏈接微觀與宏觀兩個尺度的地理環(huán)境影響奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

DOI: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.10.001     

<mixed-citation>[<name>Wang <given-names>Fahui, <name>Liu <given-names>Yu, <name>Wang <given-names>Jiaoe.Transport networks,intraurban structure and system of cities: A Sino-US comparative perspective. Progress in Geography, <year>2014, <volume>33(10): <fpage>1289-<lpage>1299.]

[2] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name>Ewing <given-names>Reid, <name>Cervero <given-names>Robert.Travel and the Built Environment[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, <year>2010,<volume>76(3): <fpage>265-<lpage>294.?wd=paperuri%3A%28095866f8d7d469f47c81528721159cd3%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2F%2Fservlet%2Flinkout%3Fsuffix%3Db18%26dbid%3D16%26doi%3D10.1108%252FIJRDM-08-2013-0153%26key%3D10.1080%252F01944361003766766&ie=utf-8&sc_us=16760738166818975963 [3] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name>Handy Susan <given-names>L, <name>Clifton Kelly <given-names>J.Evaluating Neighborhood Accessibility: Possibilities and Practicalities[J]. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, <year>2001, <volume>4(2/3): <fpage>67-<lpage>78.

Efforts to improve transportation choices and enhance accessibility at the neighborhood level have been hampered by a lack of practical planning tools. This paper identifies the factors that contribute to accessibility at the neighborhood level and explores different ways that planners can evaluate neighborhood accessibility. A gap between the data needed to describe important accessibility factors and the data readily available to local planning departments points to two complementary strategies: a city-wide approach using available data and geographic information systems to evaluate accessibility to neighborhoods across the city, and a neighborhood specific approach to building a detailed accessibility database. Examples are presented of both.

[4] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name>Boarnet <given-names>Marlon, <name>Sarmiento <given-names>Sharon.Can Land-Use Policy Really Affect Travel Behaviour? A Study of the Link between Non-Work Travel and Land-Use Characteristics[J]. Urban Studies, <year>1998, <volume>35(7): <fpage>1155.?wd=paperuri%3A%2859d2d1db2711adb835bcb0a9c950ba4d%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F783614%2Fcan-land-use-policy-really-affect-travel-behaviour-study-link-between-non-work-travel&ie=utf-8&sc_us=17715928268583565727 [5] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name>Ewing <given-names>Reid, <name>Brownson <given-names>Ross, <name>Berrigan <given-names>David.Relationship between Urban Sprawl and Weight of United States Youth[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, <year>2006,<volume>31(6): <fpage>464-<lpage>474.

Jinfeng, <name>Lyu <given-names>Bin.The Impact of Land Use on Travel. Urban Planning Forum, <year>2011,(5): <fpage>63-<lpage>72.] [9] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name lang="CN">諶麗, <name lang="CN">張文忠, <name lang="CN">楊翌朝. 北京城市居民服務(wù)設(shè)施可達(dá)性偏好與現(xiàn)實(shí)錯位[J]. 地理學(xué)報, <year>2013, <volume>68(8): <fpage>1071-<lpage>1081.

服務(wù)設(shè)施可達(dá)性對于居民生活質(zhì)量的重要性越來越受到國內(nèi)外研究和城市規(guī)劃的廣泛重視,然而中國城市發(fā)展過程中卻暴露出服務(wù)設(shè)施可達(dá)性下降的問題。從居民的視角出發(fā),構(gòu)建影響中國城市居民服務(wù)設(shè)施可達(dá)性偏好與現(xiàn)實(shí)錯位的分析框架。在此基礎(chǔ)上,分析了基于北京市2005 年居住環(huán)境調(diào)查主觀數(shù)據(jù)對居民的服務(wù)設(shè)施可達(dá)性偏好。利用北京城市服務(wù)設(shè)施空間數(shù)據(jù)借助GIS評估居民的客觀服務(wù)設(shè)施可達(dá)性,通過多元回歸模型討論居民服務(wù)設(shè)施可達(dá)性偏好與現(xiàn)實(shí)的錯位情況和相關(guān)因素并側(cè)重驗(yàn)證城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)和住房獲取渠道的影響,這些因素與中國的城市發(fā)展和住房政策變化緊密相關(guān)并將基于此提出促進(jìn)居民實(shí)現(xiàn)其服務(wù)設(shè)施可達(dá)性偏好的城市規(guī)劃和政策建議。

<mixed-citation>[<name>Chen <given-names>Li, <name>Zhang <given-names>Wenzhong, <name>Yang <given-names>Yizhao.Residents’ Incongruence between Reality and Preference of Accessibility to Facilities in the City of Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, <year>2013, <volume>68(8): <fpage>1071-<lpage>1081.] [10] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name lang="CN">周素紅, <name lang="CN">楊利軍. 城市開發(fā)強(qiáng)度影響下的城市交通[J]. 城市規(guī)劃學(xué)刊, <year>2005,(2): <fpage>75-<lpage>80,49.

從城市開發(fā)強(qiáng)度的主張角度看,現(xiàn)代城市規(guī)劃理論可以劃分為分散化、集中化與折衷化三大類.不同的開發(fā)模式,對交通產(chǎn)生不同的影響.國外在這方面積累了大量值得借鑒的研究成果.這些成果主要包括研究城市開發(fā)強(qiáng)度對交通發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、交通及城市運(yùn)營效率、交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和交通需求的影響等方面.高強(qiáng)度開發(fā)是中國大多數(shù)城市的基本特征,在社會經(jīng)濟(jì)等因素的共同影響下,中國城市的開發(fā)模式對交通的影響效果與國外既有相似,又有差別.通過綜述國外的相關(guān)研究成果及結(jié)合中國實(shí)際情況的對比,為城市交通發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和城市規(guī)劃建設(shè)管理提供借鑒.

<mixed-citation>[<name>Zhou <given-names>Suhong, <name>Yang <given-names>Lijun.The Influence of Urban Land Intensity on Urban Tranffic. Urban Planning Forum, <year>2005,(2): <fpage>75-<lpage>80,49.] [11] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name lang="CN">葉玉瑤, <name lang="CN">張虹鷗, <name lang="CN">許學(xué)強(qiáng),<etal lang="CN">等. 面向低碳交通的城市空間結(jié)構(gòu):理論、模式與案例[J]. 城市規(guī)劃學(xué)刊, <year>2012, (5): <fpage>37-<lpage>43./s?wd=paperuri%3A%28d27bb8cbbafef36cc75ebcd3d967252b%29&filter=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3D%E9%9D%A2%E5%90%91%E4%BD%8E%E7%A2%B3%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%3A%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B&sc_us=5596076395936743849&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&ie=utf-8 <mixed-citation>[<name>Ye <given-names>Yuyao, <name>Zhang <given-names>Hongou, Xu Xueqiang et al. The Urban Spatial Structure Towards Low-carbon Transition: Theory, Model, and Case Study. Urban Planning Forum, <year>2012, (5): <fpage>37-<lpage>43.] [12] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name lang="CN">柴彥威, <name lang="CN">肖作鵬, <name lang="CN">劉志林. 基于空間行為約束的北京市居民家庭日常出行碳排放的比較分析[J]. 地理科學(xué), <year>2011, <volume>31(7): <fpage>843-<lpage>849.

圍繞城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)低碳化的科學(xué)命題,從轉(zhuǎn)型期中國城市空間組織制度多元化與個體行為的互動機(jī)理出發(fā),對比分析單位制和分區(qū)制形成的＂社區(qū)—家庭＂空間行為約束機(jī)制作用下的居民日常出行特征及其碳排放。抽樣計算,2007年北京市居民家庭工作日日常出行碳排放平均約為2 529.59 g,并在社區(qū)尺度上出現(xiàn)了高碳與低碳的顯著分化;由于土地混合利用、職住接近、設(shè)施供給齊備,內(nèi)城單位社區(qū)及胡同社區(qū)對個體出行碳排放有較強(qiáng)的正約束作用;單位制和分區(qū)制對個體出行行為有完全異向的碳排放約束響應(yīng)、作用路徑和環(huán)境績效。因此,在社區(qū)低碳減排的治理上,應(yīng)綜合考慮小汽車出行使用、出行總量與尺度等家庭出行特征的社區(qū)差異,形成針對性的治理設(shè)計;在城市布局上,應(yīng)借鑒單位制的空間組織特點(diǎn),構(gòu)造職住再接近,促進(jìn)低碳出行的緊湊型低碳化的城市空間體系。

<mixed-citation>[<name>Chai <given-names>Yanwei, <name>Xiao <given-names>Zuopeng, <name>Liu <given-names>Zhilin.Comparative Analysis on CO2 Emission Per Household in Daily Travel Based on Spatial Behavior Constraints. Scientia Geographica Sinica, <year>2011, <volume>31(7): <fpage>843-<lpage>849.] [13] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name>Zhao <given-names>Pengjun.The Impact of the Built Environment on Individual Workers’ Commuting Behavior in Beijing[J]. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, <year>2013, <volume>7(5): <fpage>389-<lpage>415.

The increasing emission of transport-related pollutants has become a key issue in relation to climate change mitigation and the improvement of air quality in China's cities. This article aims to examine the effects of changes in the built environment on transportation by examining the case of Beijing. Looking at household survey data, the analysis found that individual workers' commuting behavior (concerning travel destination, mode choice and travel time) is significantly related to some aspects of the built environment when socioeconomic and demographic characteristics are taken into account. There are obvious differences in the effects of the built environment on commuting across income groups, occupations and industries.

DOI: 10.1080/15568318.2012.692173     

[14] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name lang="CN">黃經(jīng)南, <name lang="CN">杜寧睿, <name lang="CN">劉沛,<etal lang="CN">等. 住家周邊土地混合度與家庭日常交通出行碳排放影響研究——以武漢市為例[J]. 國際城市規(guī)劃, <year>2013, <volume>28(2): <fpage>25-<lpage>30.

目前低碳城市的研究更多的是在城市層面,社區(qū)、街區(qū)以及住家層面卻很少涉及.本文以現(xiàn)狀的武漢市土地利用數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),通過計算住戶周邊的土地混合度,研究其與居民日常交通出行碳排放量的關(guān)系,并分析社會經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性的影響,最后提出低碳社區(qū)規(guī)劃和建設(shè)策略.

<mixed-citation>[<name>Huang <given-names>Jingnan, <name>Du <given-names>Ningrui, Liu Pei et al. An Exploration of Land Use Mix Around Residence and Family Commuting Caused Carbon Emission : A Case Study of Wuhan City in China. Urban Planning International, <year>2013, <volume>28(2): <fpage>25-<lpage>30.] [15] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name>Knaap <given-names>Gerrit-Jan, <name>Song <given-names>Yan, <name>Nedovic-Budic <given-names>Zorica.Measuring Patterns of Urban Development: New Intelligence for the War on Sprawl[J]. Local Environment, <year>2007,<volume>12(3): <fpage>239-<lpage>257.

Abstract In this article, we compute a variety of measures of urban form (or sprawl) for neighbourhoods of varying age in five study areas in the US to illustrate urban development patterns. Our analysis suggests that some characteristics of development patterns differ significantly within and across study areas and over time; this raises doubt about the utility of sprawl indexes for entire metropolitan areas. The findings suggest, for advocates of ‘smart growth’, that the good news is that single family lot sizes are falling, density is getting higher and neighbourhoods are becoming more internally accessible. For the same advocates, the bad news, however, is more extensive: houses are becoming larger, neighbourhoods are becoming more isolated, land uses remain separated and pedestrian accessibility to commercial uses is falling. If these trends continue, it is likely that housing will remain unaffordable, traffic congestion will only get worse and developments will be unsustainable.

DOI: 10.1080/13549830601183412     

[16] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name>Kitamura <given-names>Ryuichi, <name>Mokhtarian Patricia <given-names>L, <name>Laidet <given-names>Laura.A Micro-Analysis of Land Use and Travel in Five Neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area[J]. Transportation, <year>1997,<volume>24(2): <fpage>125-<lpage>158.:1017959825565

This study examined the effects of land use and attitudinal characteristics on travel behavior for five diverse San Francisco Bay Area neighborhoods. First, socio-economic and neighborhood characteristics were regressed against number and proportion of trips by various modes. The best models for each measure of travel behavior confirmed that neighborhood characteristics add significant explanatory power when socio-economic differences are controlled for. Specifically, measures of residential density, public transit accessibility, mixed land use, and the presence of sidewalks are significantly associated with trip generation by mode and modal split. Second, 39 attitude statements relating to urban life were factor analyzed into eight factors: pro-environment, pro-transit, suburbanite, automotive mobility, time pressure, urban villager, TCM, and workaholic. Scores on these factors were introduced into the six best models discussed above. The relative contributions of the socio-economic, neighborhood, and attitudinal blocks of variables were assessed. While each block of variables offers some significant explanatory power to the models, the attitudinal variables explained the highest proportion of the variation in the data. The finding that attitudes are more strongly associated with travel than are land use characteristics suggests that land use policies promoting higher densities and mixtures may not alter travel demand materially unless residents' attitudes are also changed.

DOI: 10.1023/A:1017959825565     

[17] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name>Taylor Michael A <given-names>P, <name>Ampt Elizabeth <given-names>S. Travelling Smarter Down Under: Policies for Voluntary Travel Behaviour Change in Australia[J]. Transport Policy, <year>2003, <volume>10(3): <fpage>165-<lpage>177.

Travel demand management approaches that incorporate voluntary travel behavior change programs have become increasingly common in Australia. These programs seek to find ways for individuals and households to choose their own method of changing travel behavior rather than acting in response to external policies or pressures. This paper examines the issues related to voluntary travel behavior change programs, discusses the techniques used and comments on the results. The programs show evidence that a sizeable minority of households and individuals can be attracted to the programs and that these participating households significantly reduce their use of private motor vehicles. There is also evidence from some communities that significant economic benefits result from these programs, but further research is needed to investigate the transferability of these outcomes to other cities and regions. At the local level, a range of non-transportation benefits has been found, including changes in land use, social interaction, economic development and health indicators. As a consequence, government agencies responsible for a wide range of community and social areas have begun to show interest in the travel behavior change programs. Two key challenges have emerged: (1) measurement tools are hard to implement or the changes are on a scale smaller than that at which measurement is usually made and (2) the clients for the programs have thus far been transportation organizations and their only relevant outcome is travel change. Since other government agencies are beginning to see the relevance and potential of the programs, survey instruments should be developed to quantitatively measure the non-travel benefits resulting from these programs.

DOI: 10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00018-0     

[18] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name>Kwan <given-names>MeiPo. Gender and Individual Access to Urban Opportunities: A Study Using Space-time Measures[J]. The Professional Geographer, <year>1999,<volume>51(2): <fpage>210-<lpage>227.

Conventional accessibility measures based on the notion of locational proximity ignore the role of complex travel behavior and space-time constraints in determining individual accessibility. As these factors are especially significant in women's everyday lives, all conventional accessibility measures suffer from an inherent “gender bias.” This study conceptualizes individual accessibility as space-time feasibility and provides formulations of accessibility measures based on the space-time prism construct. Using a subsample of European Americans from a travel diary data set collected in Franklin County, Ohio, space-time accessibility measures are implemented with a network-based GIS method. Results of the study indicate that women have lower levels of individual access to urban opportunities when compared to men, although there is no difference in the types of opportunities and areas they can reach given their space-time constraints. Further, individual accessibility has no relationship with the length of the commute trip, suggesting that the journey to work may not be an appropriate measure of job access.

DOI: 10.1111/0033-0124.00158     

[19] <mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name lang="CN">劉曉波, <name lang="CN">李珂. 城市住區(qū)規(guī)模研究[J]. 北京規(guī)劃建設(shè), <year>2011, (6): <fpage>98-<lpage>106.

正住區(qū)空間模式的發(fā)展演變歐洲城市住區(qū)空間模式的發(fā)展演變密集的路網(wǎng)及由此形成的小街坊是歐洲傳統(tǒng)城市空間模式。小街坊的邊長多在100米以下,越是靠近城市中心區(qū),街坊尺度越小。3～4層為主的建筑沿街布置,街道尺度很小。

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-627X.2011.06.025     

<mixed-citation>[<name>Liu <given-names>Xiaobo, <name>Li <given-names>Ke.Research of Urban Settlement Scale. Beijing City Planning & Construction Review, <year>2011, (6): <fpage>98-<lpage>106.]

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)與城市結(jié)構(gòu)研究——理論框架與中美兩國實(shí)證案例，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

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