【摘要】：公路交通在為經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和人們出行便利做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)的同時(shí)也給社會(huì)造成了諸如環(huán)境損害問(wèn)題、公路損壞、交通阻塞及事故和石油依賴(lài)等負(fù)的外部影響。這些外部性給社會(huì)帶來(lái)的成本通常并沒(méi)有反映到現(xiàn)有公路交通行業(yè)的價(jià)格上。在這些負(fù)外部性之中，環(huán)境損害問(wèn)題，尤其是能源消耗的污染物排放所造成損害的相關(guān)問(wèn)題，日益受到人們的重視。 目前，汽車(chē)行業(yè)已經(jīng)成為中國(guó)的耗油大戶(hù)，也是空氣污染的一個(gè)重要源頭。因此，在中國(guó)的公路交通部門(mén)建立一種基于溫室氣體和其他污染物排放的會(huì)計(jì)方法，是必要而且可行的�；贕REET2011模型，本文提出一種全生命周期的方法來(lái)計(jì)算國(guó)內(nèi)的能源消耗和污染排放，并將這些污染物排放所帶來(lái)的環(huán)境影響賦予貨幣價(jià)值加以評(píng)估。 本文首先介紹了外部性理論的基本知識(shí)，繼而衍生至公路交通部門(mén)相關(guān)的外部性，具體分析了其環(huán)境外部影響，就該部門(mén)能源消耗污染物排放的種類(lèi)、影響路徑和損害貨幣價(jià)值計(jì)量分別做出陳述。隨后引入生命周期評(píng)價(jià)理論及其框架，分析將其應(yīng)用于能源分析領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，為下文具體分析做出鋪墊。然后概述了石油、生物和天然氣，這三種基本類(lèi)型的公路交通能源的生命周期過(guò)程。 最后，在這些理論基礎(chǔ)上，利用GREET模型對(duì)公路交通部門(mén)所使用的八種能源作了生命周期的能耗和環(huán)境評(píng)估，具體涵蓋了這些能源在生命周期的各個(gè)階段，包括原料開(kāi)采、燃料加工和車(chē)輛運(yùn)行消耗。最后利用平均價(jià)值轉(zhuǎn)移法，計(jì)算出每種能源全生命周期及各階段的污染物排放的環(huán)境外部成本。對(duì)于八種能源的環(huán)境外部成本的分析結(jié)果顯示，，二甲醚和甲醇汽油分別以0.43元和0.38元位于前兩位。生物柴油的環(huán)境外部成本為0.097元，能源負(fù)外部性最小。
[Abstract]:Highway traffic not only contributes greatly to economic construction and people's travel convenience, but also causes negative external effects such as environmental damage, highway damage, traffic congestion, accidents and oil dependence. The costs of these externalities are often not reflected in the price of the existing road transport industry. Among these negative externalities, people pay more and more attention to the problem of environmental damage, especially the damage caused by pollutant emissions from energy consumption. At present, the automobile industry has become China's fuel consumption, but also an important source of air pollution. Therefore, it is necessary and feasible to establish an accounting method based on greenhouse gas and other pollutant emissions in China's road transportation department. Based on the GREET2011 model, a life-cycle method is proposed to calculate the domestic energy consumption and pollution emissions, and the environmental impact of these pollutants is evaluated with monetary value. This paper first introduces the basic knowledge of externality theory, and then derives from the externalities related to the highway transportation sector, analyzes its environmental external effects, and discusses the types of pollutant emissions from energy consumption in this sector. The path of influence and the measure of damage monetary value are stated separately. Then the life cycle evaluation theory and its framework are introduced to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of their application in the field of energy analysis. Then the life-cycle processes of three basic types of road transportation energy, oil, biological and natural gas, are outlined. Finally, on the basis of these theories, GREET model is used to evaluate the energy consumption and environment of the eight energy sources used in the highway transportation sector, which covers all stages of the life cycle, including the exploitation of raw materials. Fuel processing and vehicle running consumption. At last, the environmental external cost of pollutant emission in each energy life cycle and each stage is calculated by using the average value transfer method. The analysis of environmental external cost of eight kinds of energy sources shows that dimethyl ether and methanol gasoline are in the first two places at 0.43 yuan and 0.38 yuan respectively. The environmental external cost of biodiesel is 0.097 yuan, and the negative externality of energy is the least.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華南理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F206;F542;F224

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