【摘要】：公路交通在為經(jīng)濟建設和人們出行便利做出巨大貢獻的同時也給社會造成了諸如環(huán)境損害問題、公路損壞、交通阻塞及事故和石油依賴等負的外部影響。這些外部性給社會帶來的成本通常并沒有反映到現(xiàn)有公路交通行業(yè)的價格上。在這些負外部性之中，環(huán)境損害問題，尤其是能源消耗的污染物排放所造成損害的相關問題，日益受到人們的重視。 目前，汽車行業(yè)已經(jīng)成為中國的耗油大戶，也是空氣污染的一個重要源頭。因此，在中國的公路交通部門建立一種基于溫室氣體和其他污染物排放的會計方法，是必要而且可行的。基于GREET2011模型，本文提出一種全生命周期的方法來計算國內(nèi)的能源消耗和污染排放，并將這些污染物排放所帶來的環(huán)境影響賦予貨幣價值加以評估。 本文首先介紹了外部性理論的基本知識，繼而衍生至公路交通部門相關的外部性，具體分析了其環(huán)境外部影響，就該部門能源消耗污染物排放的種類、影響路徑和損害貨幣價值計量分別做出陳述。隨后引入生命周期評價理論及其框架，分析將其應用于能源分析領域的優(yōu)缺點，為下文具體分析做出鋪墊。然后概述了石油、生物和天然氣，這三種基本類型的公路交通能源的生命周期過程。 最后，在這些理論基礎上，利用GREET模型對公路交通部門所使用的八種能源作了生命周期的能耗和環(huán)境評估，具體涵蓋了這些能源在生命周期的各個階段，包括原料開采、燃料加工和車輛運行消耗。最后利用平均價值轉移法，計算出每種能源全生命周期及各階段的污染物排放的環(huán)境外部成本。對于八種能源的環(huán)境外部成本的分析結果顯示，，二甲醚和甲醇汽油分別以0.43元和0.38元位于前兩位。生物柴油的環(huán)境外部成本為0.097元，能源負外部性最小。
[Abstract]:Highway traffic not only contributes greatly to economic construction and people's travel convenience, but also causes negative external effects such as environmental damage, highway damage, traffic congestion, accidents and oil dependence. The costs of these externalities are often not reflected in the price of the existing road transport industry. Among these negative externalities, people pay more and more attention to the problem of environmental damage, especially the damage caused by pollutant emissions from energy consumption. At present, the automobile industry has become China's fuel consumption, but also an important source of air pollution. Therefore, it is necessary and feasible to establish an accounting method based on greenhouse gas and other pollutant emissions in China's road transportation department. Based on the GREET2011 model, a life-cycle method is proposed to calculate the domestic energy consumption and pollution emissions, and the environmental impact of these pollutants is evaluated with monetary value. This paper first introduces the basic knowledge of externality theory, and then derives from the externalities related to the highway transportation sector, analyzes its environmental external effects, and discusses the types of pollutant emissions from energy consumption in this sector. The path of influence and the measure of damage monetary value are stated separately. Then the life cycle evaluation theory and its framework are introduced to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of their application in the field of energy analysis. Then the life-cycle processes of three basic types of road transportation energy, oil, biological and natural gas, are outlined. Finally, on the basis of these theories, GREET model is used to evaluate the energy consumption and environment of the eight energy sources used in the highway transportation sector, which covers all stages of the life cycle, including the exploitation of raw materials. Fuel processing and vehicle running consumption. At last, the environmental external cost of pollutant emission in each energy life cycle and each stage is calculated by using the average value transfer method. The analysis of environmental external cost of eight kinds of energy sources shows that dimethyl ether and methanol gasoline are in the first two places at 0.43 yuan and 0.38 yuan respectively. The environmental external cost of biodiesel is 0.097 yuan, and the negative externality of energy is the least.
【學位授予單位】：華南理工大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：F206;F542;F224

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