發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-26 10:35

  本文選題：橘小實(shí)蠅 + 番石榴實(shí)蠅�。� 參考：《華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：外來入侵種與具有相似生態(tài)位的本地種之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),是決定外來種能否入侵成功的一個(gè)重要因素。歷史上發(fā)生過多起外來入侵競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)取代本地競(jìng)爭(zhēng)劣勢(shì)種的現(xiàn)象。橘小實(shí)蠅Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel和番石榴實(shí)蠅Bactrocera correcta Bezzi均是雙翅目Diptera實(shí)蠅科Tephritidae果實(shí)蠅屬Bactrocera具經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性的實(shí)蠅檢疫性害蟲,前者為我國入侵定殖種,并且目前屬于我國頭號(hào)實(shí)蠅類害蟲,分布廣并且為害嚴(yán)重;后者于上世紀(jì)80年代侵入我國大陸,雖然目前在我國僅分布在極少數(shù)地區(qū),但也具有較大的危害性和進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)散的潛力。兩種實(shí)蠅生態(tài)位明顯重疊,種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)必將成為它們同域分布時(shí)的主要生態(tài)學(xué)關(guān)系,也是番石榴實(shí)蠅進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)張所面臨的重要挑戰(zhàn)。因此,本文通過資源利用競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和行為干涉競(jìng)爭(zhēng)兩類競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式全面研究,揭示橘小實(shí)蠅和番石榴實(shí)蠅的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)方式和強(qiáng)度以及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等級(jí),預(yù)測(cè)番石榴實(shí)蠅擴(kuò)張成功的可能性,豐富實(shí)蠅種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制及入侵生物學(xué)的理論研究。具體研究結(jié)果如下:(1)橘小實(shí)蠅和番石榴實(shí)蠅對(duì)番石榴Psidium guajava Linn.、香蕉Musa nana Lour.、楊桃Averrhoa carambola Linn.、木瓜Chaenomeles sinensis(Thouin)Koehne、甜橙Citrus sinensis(Linn.)Osbeck、番茄Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.共6種寄主果實(shí)的選擇與適應(yīng)性。研究結(jié)果顯示,兩種實(shí)蠅對(duì)不同供試方式的寄主的選擇有明顯差異,對(duì)寄主氣味選擇性強(qiáng)的寄主更適合于兩種實(shí)蠅后代的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育;可能由于橘小實(shí)蠅的產(chǎn)卵管明顯長(zhǎng)于番石榴實(shí)蠅的,因此對(duì)甜橙等果皮較厚的寄主具有更強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)性。結(jié)果還顯示,不能采用單一的發(fā)育參數(shù)(如發(fā)育歷期、存活率或蛹重等)作為評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)蠅寄主適應(yīng)性的指標(biāo)。兩種實(shí)蠅對(duì)6種寄主果實(shí)的產(chǎn)卵選擇和幼蟲取食適合性既具相似性也具差異性,表明這兩種實(shí)蠅在寄主生態(tài)位上既有重疊性又有分化性。(2)橘小實(shí)蠅和番石榴實(shí)蠅幼蟲階段的資源利用競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。研究結(jié)果顯示,無論種內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)還是種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng),種群密度越高,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)越激烈;主要表現(xiàn)為化蛹率和羽化率不斷下降、幼蟲歷期逐漸縮短、蛹?xì)v期不斷延長(zhǎng)和蛹逐漸變輕。在幼蟲人工飼料中的種內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),明確了兩種實(shí)蠅的最宜密度均在5~20頭蟲/10 g飼料之間。兩種實(shí)蠅種內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的密度效應(yīng)極具相似性,說明它們有類似的種群調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制。兩種實(shí)蠅在人工飼料和番石榴中的種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)果顯示,在相等種群數(shù)量的情況下,盡管番石榴實(shí)蠅比橘小實(shí)蠅的幼蟲擁有更強(qiáng)的抗擁擠能力,但橘小實(shí)蠅表現(xiàn)出比番石榴實(shí)蠅更強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力,主要表現(xiàn)在橘小實(shí)蠅幼蟲加快發(fā)育速度爭(zhēng)取競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),最后提高了自身的蛹重和存活率,抑制了對(duì)方的蛹重和存活率,在番石榴中競(jìng)爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)度尤其顯著。(3)橘小實(shí)蠅和番石榴實(shí)蠅靜態(tài)階段的種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。橘小實(shí)蠅與番石榴實(shí)蠅的卵同齡等量混合,對(duì)彼此卵的歷期和孵化率沒有影響。而將兩種實(shí)蠅的蛹按不同的蛹齡進(jìn)行混合,當(dāng)橘小實(shí)蠅和番石榴實(shí)蠅的蛹為新鮮蛹時(shí),分別與比它們蛹齡大一天的對(duì)方蛹混合,最后它們蛹的羽化率分別為87.67±3.61%和84.33±2.56%,顯著小于對(duì)照的。說明在此混合蛹處理中,后化蛹者發(fā)育可能受到先化蛹者的抑制。(4)橘小實(shí)蠅和番石榴實(shí)蠅的產(chǎn)卵競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。研究結(jié)果顯示,兩種實(shí)蠅產(chǎn)卵干涉行為在種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中起的作用不大,可以忽略。兩種實(shí)蠅對(duì)同一寄主短時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵競(jìng)爭(zhēng),橘小實(shí)蠅盡可能的通過增加產(chǎn)卵孔數(shù)試圖在寄主上更快更多的占領(lǐng)空間。在同一寄主中長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵競(jìng)爭(zhēng),無論面對(duì)哪種寄主,與番石榴實(shí)蠅共存,更多的情況是促進(jìn)橘小實(shí)蠅在寄主上產(chǎn)更多的卵;而對(duì)于番石榴實(shí)蠅來說,與橘小實(shí)蠅共存,更多的情況是抑制了其在共同寄主中羽化出蟲的數(shù)量。兩種實(shí)蠅對(duì)已被產(chǎn)卵寄主的識(shí)別能力比較相似,對(duì)新鮮卵粒的識(shí)別能力較差,當(dāng)寄主中含有600粒以上的卵時(shí),雌蠅在其上繼續(xù)產(chǎn)卵的數(shù)量才會(huì)被抑制;而且?guī)缀蹙鶡o法辨別同種卵和異種卵;當(dāng)寄主中的卵已基本孵化為幼蟲時(shí),對(duì)后續(xù)實(shí)蠅的產(chǎn)卵行為才產(chǎn)生了非常顯著的抑制作用。因此,寄主中實(shí)蠅幼蟲的存在是抵制后續(xù)實(shí)蠅在其上繼續(xù)產(chǎn)卵的主要原因。多種寄主混合共存時(shí),兩種實(shí)蠅的產(chǎn)卵分布顯示,橘小實(shí)蠅優(yōu)先占領(lǐng)它們共同喜歡的寄主番石榴,而番石榴實(shí)蠅只能退而求其次,更多的雌蟲去選擇它們次喜歡的寄主楊桃了。(5)橘小實(shí)蠅和番石榴實(shí)蠅的生殖干擾。兩種實(shí)蠅的交配節(jié)律具有高度的重疊性,均集中在黃昏,番石榴實(shí)蠅雄蟲和橘小實(shí)蠅雌蟲發(fā)生不對(duì)稱交配,雜交的交配節(jié)律與自交節(jié)律相同。兩種實(shí)蠅的雜交行為具有客觀普遍性,但不具有專一屬性。無論番石榴實(shí)蠅雄蟲和橘小實(shí)蠅雌蟲混合時(shí)種群密度大小、以何種組合混合、各自有過怎樣的交配經(jīng)歷等,均不影響兩種實(shí)蠅雜交行為的發(fā)生,此外,雜交比例通常為20%以上;而且當(dāng)兩種實(shí)蠅的成蟲日齡不到3個(gè)星期或者超過6個(gè)星期,雜交比例還會(huì)更多,甚至可以達(dá)到自交數(shù)量。兩種實(shí)蠅自交的交配持續(xù)時(shí)間很相近,以3個(gè)星期的成蟲為準(zhǔn),平均都是4個(gè)多小時(shí),而雜交的交配持續(xù)時(shí)間則平均為1個(gè)多小時(shí)。但是,最重要的一點(diǎn)是雜交無后代。兩種實(shí)蠅不管是自交還是雜交,交配過的成蟲無時(shí)間間隔再次交配時(shí),交配蟲數(shù)少于無交配過的成蟲。將兩種實(shí)蠅等量混合飼養(yǎng),對(duì)彼此成蟲壽命無明顯影響;但降低了兩種雌蟲產(chǎn)卵初期的產(chǎn)卵量,即兩種實(shí)蠅推遲了彼此的產(chǎn)卵前期。因此,兩種實(shí)蠅的不對(duì)稱交配行為對(duì)彼此的生殖均有一定的消極影響。(6)橘小實(shí)蠅及番石榴實(shí)蠅與地中海實(shí)蠅的種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系。研究結(jié)果顯示,在兩種果實(shí)蠅與地中海實(shí)蠅沒有交配干擾現(xiàn)象。但是,三種實(shí)蠅在均適宜的溫度下和均喜歡的寄主番石榴上進(jìn)行產(chǎn)卵競(jìng)爭(zhēng),兩種果實(shí)蠅對(duì)地中海實(shí)蠅種群有顯著的抑制作用,盡管如此,但以兩種果實(shí)蠅與地中海實(shí)蠅的種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)度,僅靠果實(shí)蠅屬昆蟲難以真正抵御地中海實(shí)蠅在我國的發(fā)生。此外,橘小實(shí)蠅比番石榴實(shí)蠅對(duì)地中海實(shí)蠅的抑制作用明顯。綜上所述,橘小實(shí)蠅是三種實(shí)蠅中競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力最強(qiáng)的種類,只要在雙方均適宜的條件下發(fā)生競(jìng)爭(zhēng),橘小實(shí)蠅的確具有很強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。但無論與番石榴實(shí)蠅的種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)還是與地中海實(shí)蠅的種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng),其強(qiáng)度都不足以抑制對(duì)方的發(fā)生;而且在對(duì)方更適宜而不適宜橘小實(shí)蠅的條件下,對(duì)方則可能反敗為勝。最后推斷,番石榴實(shí)蠅有可能侵入橘小實(shí)蠅的發(fā)生區(qū),與之共存,但通常情況下種群數(shù)量難以超越橘小實(shí)蠅。
[Abstract]:The competition between alien invasive species and local species with similar niche is an important factor in determining the success of invasive species. In history, there have been many competing dominant species competing to replace local competition and inferior species. Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and Bactrocera correcta Bezz of guava I is a quarantinable pest of the Tephritidae fruit fly of the family of Diptera, Diptera musca, which is an economically important quarantine pest of the genus Bactrocera. The former is a species of invasion and colonization in China, and it belongs to the number one pest in China, which is widely distributed and seriously harmful. The latter intruded into the mainland of China in the 80s of last century, although it is rarely distributed in China at present. There are many regions, but they also have great harm and potential for further diffusion. The niche overlap of two kinds of fly flies is obvious. Interspecific competition will become the main ecological relationship of their domain distribution and the important challenge for the further expansion of guava fly. Therefore, this paper uses competition and behavior to interfere in the two categories of competition through competition and behavior. A comprehensive study was conducted to reveal the competitive pattern, intensity and competition level of the fruit fly and the guava fly, to predict the possibility of successful expansion of the fly, and to enrich the theoretical research on the interspecific competition mechanism and invasive biology of the fly. The results are as follows: (1) the fruit fly and the guava fly to guava Psidium guajava Linn., banana Musa Nana Lour., carambola Averrhoa carambola Linn., papaya Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne, sweet orange Citrus, and the selection and adaptability of 6 host fruits. The host odor selective host is more suitable for the growth and development of the offspring of the two species; probably because the oviposition tube of the fruit fly is obviously longer than the pomegranate fly, so it is more adaptable to the thicker host of the orange peel. The result also shows that a single developmental parameter (such as the developmental period, survival rate or pupal weight) can not be used. As an index for evaluating the host adaptability of the fly, the selection of egg laying and the appropriateness of the larvae feeding on the two species of the 6 host fruit were both similar and different, indicating that the two species of flies were both overlapping and differentiated in host niche. (2) the resource utilization competition of the larvae stage of the fruit fly and the Musca Musca. The results showed that the higher the population density, the higher the population density, the higher the population density, the higher the population density, the decrease of the pupation rate, the decreasing of the larval calendar period, the prolongation of the pupae period and the gradual light of the pupae. The most suitable density of the two kinds of flies in the artificial feed of the larva was that the 5~20 cephelite /10 g feed was confirmed. Between the two species of flies, the density effect of intraspecific competition is very similar, indicating that they have a similar population regulation mechanism. The interspecific competition results of two species of fly in artificial feed and guava show that, in the case of equal population, although the larvae of the guava fly have stronger anti crowding ability than the larvae of the tangerine fly, but the tangerine is small. The fly showed a stronger competitive ability than the pomegranate fly, which was mainly manifested in the rapid development speed of the larvae of the fruit fly, which finally raised its pupal weight and survival rate, inhibited the pupae weight and survival rate of the other side, and was particularly competitive in guava. (3) the interspecific race of the fruit fly and the guava fly in the static stage of the guava. There is no influence on the duration and hatchability of the eggs at the same age of the same age, and the pupae of the two flies is mixed at different pupae ages. When the pupae of the fruit fly and the guava fly are fresh pupae, they are mixed with the other pupae, which are one day older than their pupae, and finally the percentage of their pupae is divided. It is 87.67 + 3.61% and 84.33 + 2.56%, which is significantly less than the control. It shows that in the mixed pupae, the development of the pupation may be inhibited by the pupation first. (4) the egg production competition of the fruit fly and the guava. The results show that the interference behavior of the two kinds of fly eggs in the interspecific competition is not significant, and can be ignored. Two kinds of flies can be ignored. For the same host in a short period of spawning competition, the tangerine flies try to occupy more space faster by increasing the number of spawning holes in the host. In the same host, the oviposition competition, no matter which host, coexist with the guava fly, is more likely to promote the more eggs of the fruit fly on the host; In the case of the guava fly, coexistence with the tangerine fly is more likely to inhibit the number of feathered insects in the common host. The two flies have similar recognition ability to the eggs that have been spawned, and the ability to recognize fresh eggs is poor. When the host contains more than 600 eggs, the number of female flies continues to spawn. It is inhibited; and almost all of the same eggs and xenooocytes can not be identified; when the eggs in the host are basically hatched as larvae, they have a very significant inhibitory effect on the oviposition behavior of the subsequent flies. Therefore, the presence of the fly larvae in the host is the main reason for resistance to subsequent spawning in the host. When a variety of host hosts coexist, The oviposition distribution of the two flies showed that the fruit fly had priority to occupy the host guava they shared, and the guava fly could only retreat to the next, and more females chose their favorite host carambola. (5) the reproductive interference of the fruit fly and the guava. The mating rhythm of the two species of fly was highly overlapping. In the dusk, the male and citrus fruit flies are asymmetrical mating, and the mating rhythm of the hybrid is the same as that of the self crossing rhythm. The hybridization behavior of the two species is objective and universal, but does not have a special attribute. In addition, the hybridization ratio is usually more than 20%, and the proportion of the two species of flies is less than 3 weeks or more than 6 weeks, and the proportion of the two flies will be more, even the number of self crossings. The mating duration of the two fly flies is very similar. The average duration of 3 weeks is more than 4 hours, and the average duration of mating is more than 1 hours. However, the most important thing is that there is no offspring. The two species of flies are self or hybrid, and the number of mating adults is less than that of the non mating adults when they have no time interval. Two kinds of fly flies. The same amount of mixed feeding had no obvious effect on the life span of each other, but reduced the amount of egg laying in the early stage of oviposition of two species of female, that is, two kinds of flies postponed each other's proproduction. Therefore, the asymmetric mating behavior of the two species of flies had certain negative effects on each other's reproduction. (6) the species of tangerine fly and guava fly and the Mediterranean fly. The results showed that there were no mating interference between the two species of fruit flies and the Mediterranean fly. However, the three species of flies were competitive at the appropriate temperature and on the host guava. The two species of fruit flies had significant inhibitory effects on the population of the Mediterranean fly, but in spite of this, two fruit flies and the ground were in the ground. The interspecific competition intensity of the fly is difficult to withstand the occurrence of the Mediterranean fly in China only by the fruit flies. In addition, the fruit fly is more inhibited than the guava fly to the Mediterranean fly. To sum up, the fruit fly is the most competitive of the three species of fly, as long as it is suitable for both sides. In competition, tangerine flies do have a strong competitive advantage. However, no matter in competition with the species of guava or with the species of the Mediterranean fly, the strength is not enough to restrain each other's occurrence; and in the case that the other is more suitable and unsuitable for the fruit fly, the other is likely to defeat it. It may invade the occurrence area of oriental fruit fly, but it is usually difficult to surpass the oriental fruit fly.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S433

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