本文選題：1912-1913年 + 縣鄉(xiāng)議會��； 參考：《湖南科技大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：1912-1913年,湖南各縣鄉(xiāng)相繼成立了議會,這是中國在基層推行地方民主自治的一次實踐。縣鄉(xiāng)議會成立后,根據(jù)相關(guān)法令規(guī)章,積極關(guān)注本地區(qū)事務(wù),維護(hù)自身及地方的利益。教育始終是各級議會關(guān)注的焦點,縣鄉(xiāng)議會提出了大量與教育相關(guān)的議案,以圖振興湖南的基礎(chǔ)教育。其中教育經(jīng)費是縣鄉(xiāng)議會議案的核心,有關(guān)教育經(jīng)費的議案主要包括充分利用現(xiàn)有經(jīng)費、拓寬經(jīng)費來源、鼓勵社會集資和私人辦學(xué)、積極監(jiān)督政府對教育的撥款等內(nèi)容。為了滿足地方人才儲備的需要,縣鄉(xiāng)議會積極支持學(xué)校教育的發(fā)展,主要內(nèi)容包括:普及小學(xué)教育、支持中學(xué)教育、培養(yǎng)鄉(xiāng)土教師、提升師資質(zhì)量、提高教員待遇、廣泛吸引人才、興辦女子教育、統(tǒng)籌校本課程等。由于湖南不少縣、鄉(xiāng)較為偏僻、閉塞,學(xué)校教育無法全面普及。作為地方民意機構(gòu)的縣鄉(xiāng)議會為開化民智、鞏固政權(quán),提出了許多發(fā)展社會教育的議案,通過廣設(shè)閱報所、演講團(tuán)、講習(xí)所、貧民習(xí)藝所來謀求教育的普及�？h鄉(xiāng)議會在1912-1913年期間所提出的這些教育議案有的尚有缺陷,有的未能落實,但總體來看,推動了當(dāng)?shù)亟逃陌l(fā)展。在縣鄉(xiāng)議會的努力之下,湖南縣鄉(xiāng)的學(xué)校教育和社會教育都取得了一定成效,底層民眾的文化素質(zhì)與民主觀念也得到了提升,可見地方議會在歷史上的確發(fā)揮過作用。但受制于某些因素,議案中的一些計劃和設(shè)想或者停留在紙面,或者在執(zhí)行中大打折扣,由此透視出地方議會仍有很多不完善之處。1913年地方議會的停擺也說明了完全照搬西方的民主憲政之路在當(dāng)時的中國行不通,而基層民主建設(shè)也非一蹴而就,它是一個漸進(jìn)的發(fā)展過程,這個過程不僅需要國家的制度安排,更需要民眾的配合與支持。
[Abstract]:From 1912 to 1913, the counties and townships of Hunan established the parliament one after another, which is a practice of promoting local democratic autonomy at the grass-roots level in China. After the establishment of the county and township councils, according to the relevant laws and regulations, actively pay attention to the local affairs and safeguard their own and local interests. Education has always been the focus of attention at all levels of parliaments, county and township councils have put forward a large number of education-related bills in order to revitalize basic education in Hunan. The education funds are the core of the county and township councils' bills. The bills on the education funds mainly include making full use of the existing funds, broadening the sources of funds, encouraging the society to raise funds and running private schools, and actively supervising the government's allocations for education and so on. In order to meet the needs of local talent reserve, the county and township councils actively support the development of school education. The main contents include: popularizing primary education, supporting secondary education, training native teachers, improving the quality of teachers, and improving the treatment of teachers. Attract talents extensively, set up women's education, co-ordinate school-based curriculum and so on. Due to Hunan many counties, rural areas more remote, closed, school education can not be fully popularized. As a local public opinion organization, the county and township councils put forward many bills for the development of social education in order to cultivate the wisdom of the people and consolidate the political power. They sought the popularization of education through the establishment of extensive newspapers, speaking groups, workshops, and institutions for the study of arts and arts among the poor. From 1912 to 1913, the county and township councils put forward these educational bills, some of which were flawed and some failed to be implemented, but in general, they promoted the development of local education. With the efforts of the county and township councils, the school education and social education of Hunan counties and townships have achieved certain results, and the cultural quality and democratic concept of the people at the bottom have also been promoted. It can be seen that the local councils have indeed played a role in history. However, due to certain factors, some of the plans and ideas in the bill either remain on paper or are badly discounted in their implementation. From this perspective, there are still many imperfections in the local councils. The shutdown of the local councils in 1913 also showed that the road of copying the democratic constitutionalism of the West completely did not work in China at that time, and the building of democracy at the grass-roots level was not achieved overnight. It is a gradual process of development, which needs not only the national institutional arrangements, but also the cooperation and support of the people.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：G529

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