本文關(guān)鍵詞： 工作記憶 前攝干擾 事件相關(guān)電位 前部N2 前部P3　出處：《汕頭大學(xué)》2008年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 工作記憶是順利完成高級認(rèn)知任務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)。前攝干擾(proactive interference)是對工作記憶具有影響的因素之一,因此考察干擾刺激表征的作用及人們?nèi)绾慰朔蓴_具有重要的研究意義。 本研究包含三個實驗。實驗一采用工作記憶的選擇任務(wù),通過一系列行為實驗,系統(tǒng)地考察了靶刺激表征與干擾刺激表征之間的競爭。首先讓被試學(xué)習(xí)一系列字母,接著通過提示刺激指示被試記住一部分字母并忽略其余的字母。被記住的字母成為靶刺激系列,被忽略的字母成為干擾刺激系列。當(dāng)提示刺激為靶刺激系列時,我們把這種條件叫做“記住”條件;當(dāng)提示刺激為干擾刺激系列時,我們把這種條件叫做“忘記”條件。提示刺激消失后,屏幕上出現(xiàn)探測刺激,要求被試判斷探測刺激是否屬于靶刺激系列。 研究中,通過調(diào)控提示刺激類型和提示刺激與探測刺激之間的時間間隔來檢測工作記憶選擇的難度。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在“記住”條件下,提示刺激通過重復(fù)呈現(xiàn)靶刺激,增強了靶刺激表征,從而促進(jìn)了工作記憶的選擇,使被試對探測刺激做出更快的判斷。然而,“忘記”條件下,盡管提示刺激重復(fù)呈現(xiàn)了干擾刺激使干擾刺激的表征得到增強,但卻并沒有阻礙工作記憶的選擇加工過程。這一研究結(jié)果為相對激活假說提供了部分支持,說明工作記憶的選擇也許更多依賴于靶刺激表征的激活增強,而不是依賴于干擾刺激表征的激活減弱。 實驗二和實驗三采用事件相關(guān)電位技術(shù)(event-related potential,ERP),分別考察了指導(dǎo)性遺忘任務(wù)和最近探測刺激任務(wù)中前攝干擾效應(yīng)的電生理指標(biāo)及其相關(guān)意義。指導(dǎo)性遺忘任務(wù)相當(dāng)于實驗一中的“忘記”條件。根據(jù)探測刺激的選擇將實驗條件分為三類。當(dāng)探測刺激屬于靶刺激系列,為正反應(yīng)條件;當(dāng)探測刺激是當(dāng)前測試中沒有出現(xiàn)過的項目,為負(fù)反應(yīng)條件;當(dāng)探測刺激是被“忘記”的項目,則為干擾條件。我們認(rèn)為干擾條件與負(fù)反應(yīng)條件之間的差異就是前攝干擾效應(yīng)。 最近探測刺激任務(wù)中,首先要求被試學(xué)習(xí)四個字母,隨后出現(xiàn)探測刺激,要求被試判斷探測刺激是否屬于剛才學(xué)習(xí)過的字母。在這個任務(wù)中,為了控制探測刺激的熟悉性,使每個測試中的2個學(xué)習(xí)字母都與上一輪測試中的兩個字母相同,從而形成以下幾種實驗條件:如果探測刺激在前一個測試及當(dāng)前測試中都出現(xiàn)過,就屬于熟悉性正反應(yīng);如果探測刺激僅在當(dāng)前測試中出現(xiàn)過,屬于非熟悉性正反應(yīng);如果探測刺激在前一個測試中出現(xiàn)過,但不屬于當(dāng)前測試中的學(xué)習(xí)項目,屬于熟悉性負(fù)反應(yīng);如果探測刺激在當(dāng)前測試及最近的前兩個測試中都沒有出現(xiàn)過,屬于非熟悉性負(fù)反應(yīng)。在這個任務(wù)中,熟悉性負(fù)反應(yīng)與非熟悉性負(fù)反應(yīng)的差異反映了前攝干擾效應(yīng)。 實驗二的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),干擾條件比負(fù)反應(yīng)條件有更大的錯誤率和延長的反應(yīng)時。電生理證據(jù)方面,在額中央?yún)^(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個N2成分,其波峰在探測刺激出現(xiàn)后300毫秒左右達(dá)到最大,并且N2波幅在不同的實驗條件下有一定差異,其中干擾條件的N2波幅顯著小于負(fù)反應(yīng)條件下的N2波幅。隨后的P3波幅對不同的實驗條件無差異,但正反應(yīng)條件的潛伏期要早于負(fù)反應(yīng)和干擾條件。通過分析,我們認(rèn)為這個分布在額中央?yún)^(qū)的N2成分代表了前攝干擾的解決。同時,這個負(fù)波也說明干擾的解決過程與靶/非靶刺激的辨別發(fā)生在同一時間窗口。本研究為基于腦成像研究的偏向競爭模型提供了初步的電生理證據(jù)。 實驗三也發(fā)現(xiàn)了位于腦前部區(qū)域的N2和P3成分。對于N2波幅,發(fā)現(xiàn)了顯著的正、負(fù)反應(yīng)條件差異,正反應(yīng)條件的N2波幅要小于負(fù)反應(yīng)條件。而兩種正條件之間與兩種負(fù)條件之間沒有N2波幅的顯著差異。此外,兩種正反應(yīng)的P3潛伏期均顯著小于兩種負(fù)反應(yīng)下的P3潛伏期。對熟悉性負(fù)反應(yīng)和非熟悉性負(fù)反應(yīng)的P3波幅進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)涉及前攝干擾的熟悉性負(fù)反應(yīng)P3波幅減小。因此我們認(rèn)為,在這個任務(wù)中,P3的波幅變化反映了前攝干擾的解決過程。 結(jié)合實驗二和實驗三的結(jié)果,我們認(rèn)為在本研究中,前部N2和P3成分分別代表了雙重加工理論中的兩個過程:熟悉性信息加工和信息回憶。根據(jù)雙重加工理論,再認(rèn)是基于熟悉度及信息回憶的一種綜合判斷,并且對熟悉度信息的提取要早于對情境信息的提取。由于指導(dǎo)性遺忘任務(wù)和最近探測刺激任務(wù)中的記憶負(fù)荷不同,并且干擾刺激的表征激活強度也不同,因此兩種任務(wù)中前攝干擾發(fā)生作用和被解決的時程也有所不同。在兩個實驗中,反映干擾效應(yīng)的電生理成分波幅都有所減小,說明干擾的解決也許并非需要額外心理努力的抑制過程。這與實驗一的結(jié)果也是一致的,即正確的工作記憶選擇是通過對靶刺激表征的激活增強來實現(xiàn)的,而不是依靠干擾刺激表征的激活減小。
[Abstract]:Working memory is the basis for successful completion of advanced cognitive tasks. Proactive interference is one of the factors that influence working memory. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the role of interference stimulus and how to overcome interference.
This study includes three experiments. Experiment using a selection task of working memory, through a series of experiments, systematically studied between target stimuli representation and distractors representation competition. First let the participants learn a series of letters, followed by a cue indicating subjects to remember some of the letters and to forget the others. Remember the letters become the target stimulus series, ignored the letters become interference stimulus series. When the cue target stimulus, we have such a condition called "remember" conditions; when prompted for stimulus interference stimulus, we have such a condition called "forget". Cue disappeared after screen detection stimulus, participants were asked to judge whether the probe stimulus belongs to target stimuli.
In the study, through the regulation between stimulus type and prompt cue and probe stimulus intervals to test selection difficulty in working memory. The study found that in the "remember" conditions, suggesting that stimulation through repetition target stimuli, enhanced target characterization, so as to improve the working memory, the subjects made faster judgment of the probe stimulus. However, "forget" conditions, although the characterization of cue repetition disturbance stimulated interference stimulation is enhanced, but chose not to hinder the process of processing of working memory. This research results provide some support for the hypothesis that the relative activation, enhanced activation of working memory may choose more depending on the characterization of the target stimulus, rather than rely on activation of distractors representation is reduced.
Experiment two and three using the event-related potentials (event-related, potential, ERP) were investigated by electrophysiological interference effect and its significance of directed forgetting task and recent probes task. Directed forgetting task in experiment is equivalent to "forget". According to the conditions of the probe stimulus selection experiment the conditions are divided into three types. When the probe stimulus belongs to the target stimulus series, positive reaction conditions; when the probe stimulus is not seen in the current test items, negative reaction conditions; when the probe stimulus is "forget" project, for the interference conditions. We think the difference between interference and negative reaction conditions is proactive interference effect.
The recent probes task, participants were asked to learn four letters, followed by detection of stimuli, the subjects were required to judge whether the probe stimulus just learning the letters belong to. In this task, in order to control the probe stimulus familiarity, the 2 letters in each test are the same with the two letters on a round of tests, so as to form the following conditions: if the probe stimulus in the first test and the current tests have appeared, is familiar with positive reaction; if the probe stimulus appeared only in the current test, belonging to the non familiar positive reaction; if the probe stimulus in the first appeared in the test too, but does not belong to the current test in the learning project, belongs to the familiar negative reaction; if the probe stimulus in the current test and recent before the two test have not appeared, belonging to the non familiar negative reaction in this task. The difference in the negative reaction of familiarity and unfamiliarity reflects the effect of perturbed disturbance.
The results of the two experiments showed that the interference conditions have a greater error rate and prolonged reaction than the negative reaction conditions. Electrophysiological evidence, found a N2 component in the frontal lobe, its peaks at about 300 ms after stimulus onset detection reaches the maximum, and the amplitude of N2 in different experimental conditions have certain differences among them, interference conditions N2 amplitude significantly less than the negative reaction conditions. Then the amplitude of N2 P3 amplitude differences of different experimental conditions, but the positive reaction conditions to negative response latency and interference conditions. Through the analysis, we think that this distribution represents a proactive interference resolution in the fronto central N2 component at the same time, the negative wave also shows that the solving process and target / non target discrimination occurs in the same time window. This study provides preliminary electrophysiological evidence for biased competition model based on brain imaging studies.
Experiment three also found that the N2 and P3 components in the front of the brain area. For the amplitude of N2, we found significant positive and negative difference of the reaction conditions, reaction conditions are smaller than the amplitude of N2 negative reaction conditions without significant difference. The amplitude of N2 between two and two kinds of conditions are negative conditions. In addition, two the positive reaction of P3 latency were significantly less than two kinds of negative reaction under P3 latency. Between familiar and non familiar negative reaction P3 amplitude analysis, found to be involved in proactive interference familiar negative response amplitude of P3 decreases. Therefore, in this task, the amplitude changes of P3 reflect proactive interference resolution.
In combination with the results of experiment two and three, we believe that in this study, anterior N2 and P3 component respectively represent two dual process theory: familiar with information processing and information memory. According to the dual process theory, recognition is a comprehensive judgment of familiarity and recall of information based on the extraction and familiarity with the information earlier in the extraction of context information. The directed forgetting task and memory load recent probes task, and characterization of interference stimuli activation intensity is different, so the two tasks in the proactive interference effect was solved when the process is also different. In the two experiment electrophysiological components, reflect the amplitude of interference effect is reduced, indicating inhibition solution may not need extra mental effort. This is consistent with the experimental results of a work, namely the right note Memory selection is achieved by activating the enhancement of the target stimulus characterization, rather than relying on the activation reduction that interferes with the stimulus characterization.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：汕頭大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：R33

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

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本文編號：1541681