本文選題：具身認知 + 隱喻加工　； 參考：《南京師范大學》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：隱喻既是一種語言現(xiàn)象,也是一種認知功能,當代的認知科學更是將其看作人類認識事物與了解世界的重要方式與途徑。隨著當前具身認知思潮逐漸為主流認知科學所接受與重視,其擯棄傳統(tǒng)認知科學觀身心分離的先天不足,強調(diào)身體、動作與情境在整個認知過程中整體性的核心特征也為人們熟知。而隱喻作為人的本質(zhì)思維方式也因為認知的具身潮流而受到越來越多的關(guān)注。本文以隱喻及隱喻思維為切入點,結(jié)合具身心智與具身認知的相關(guān)理論與實證研究,對隱喻認知加工的具身本質(zhì)進行了介紹與論證,并以行為實驗與事件相關(guān)電位實驗為研究方法,探索與驗證了隱喻認知加工的具身性質(zhì)。 本研究以隱喻在線認知加工中的事件相關(guān)電位法為主要研究工具,在對漢語隱喻材料本身的語言屬性(如熟悉度、規(guī)范性、可接受性)以及相關(guān)具身行為實驗(身體感知覺、身體姿勢和情緒)比對的基礎(chǔ)上,以先期問卷形式對所選擇的語料進行合適性、熟悉度和具身的性質(zhì)進行篩選,并以E-prime軟件編寫程序進行語料呈現(xiàn),設(shè)計了三個實驗,以期驗證漢語隱喻認知加工過程中的具身性及其影響,并在一定程度上探討了漢語隱喻認知加工的神經(jīng)機制。 實驗一采用尾詞范式設(shè)計,呈現(xiàn)的語料中包含本義句、正相關(guān)句、負相關(guān)句和錯句四種類型,實驗前及實驗過程中分別以冷水、溫水、熱水為自變量對被試進行預(yù)先刺激,用BrainProduct公司的ERP設(shè)備記錄被試實驗過程中語料刺激所引發(fā)的腦電數(shù)據(jù),用E-prime軟件記錄被試對所呈現(xiàn)語料的反應(yīng)時與正確率的行為數(shù)據(jù),并在實驗結(jié)束后進行問卷回憶。對行為數(shù)據(jù)與腦電數(shù)據(jù)綜合分析的結(jié)果顯示：經(jīng)歷不同溫度刺激的被試,在對不同類型語料的理解上確實表現(xiàn)出了不同的行為反應(yīng)與腦電差異。這種不同在行為反應(yīng)上表現(xiàn)為熱水組被試對那些能表現(xiàn)出友好、善意、熱情等與“熱”相關(guān)的語料的反應(yīng)正確率更高,而冷水組的被試則對冷淡、冷漠等表現(xiàn)出“冷”的詞匯的反應(yīng)正確率更高,同時腦電地形圖與波形圖也能直觀的顯示出冷水組被試與熱水組被試在語料加工過程中的不同大腦認知加工過程。相關(guān)的具身刺激對被試的行為與選擇確實帶來了一定的影響,并直接體現(xiàn)在外顯的反應(yīng)中。對被試行為數(shù)據(jù)的正確率與反應(yīng)時的重復測量方差分析,以及對于電極點平均波幅的重復測量方差分析顯示,不同被試組間差異不顯著,被試的性別差異也不會影響被試的行為反應(yīng)結(jié)果。在針對腦電數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計分析中,腦地形圖和波形圖的分析顯示有差異,SPSS統(tǒng)計顯示P600成分的組間差異顯著。對此我們認為：實驗結(jié)果在一定程度上驗證了不同溫度會影響被試隱喻認知加工過程的假設(shè),溫度會對被試的隱喻認知加工產(chǎn)生一定的影響。 實驗二采用了尾詞范式的正相關(guān)句、負相關(guān)句、無關(guān)句和錯句作為被試的呈現(xiàn)語料,以不同的坐姿作為對不同組別被試的具身刺激方式。用BrainProduct公司的ERP設(shè)備記錄被試實驗過程中對語料所產(chǎn)生的腦電反應(yīng),用E-prime軟件記錄行為數(shù)據(jù),并在實驗結(jié)束后進行問卷回憶。比起實驗一,實驗二在離線分析過程中去除了較多的不良被試數(shù)據(jù),究其原因我們認為這是由于一直讓被試保持著彎腰和挺直的身體姿勢會導致被試隨著實驗的推進而愈加疲勞,并自然而然的產(chǎn)生一些無關(guān)的干擾電位。綜合所獲得的行為與腦電數(shù)據(jù),我們認為：經(jīng)歷不同坐姿刺激的被試,在對不同類型語料的理解上確實表現(xiàn)出了不同的行為反應(yīng)與腦電差異。這種不同在行為反應(yīng)上表現(xiàn)為挺直組的被試對那些能表現(xiàn)出自信、成功、成就、自豪等與“我能”內(nèi)隱相關(guān)的語料的反應(yīng)正確率更高,而彎腰組的被試則對那些表現(xiàn)出失敗、無力、沮喪、落后等內(nèi)隱的表現(xiàn)出“我不行”的詞匯反應(yīng)正確率更高,同時腦電的地形圖與波形圖也能直觀的顯示出挺直組被試與彎腰組被試在理解語料過程中的不同大腦認知加工過程。雖然行為數(shù)據(jù)中被試正確率與反應(yīng)時的重復測量方差分析顯示不同被試組間差異并不顯著,但對所選取的四種波形成分N200、N400、P300、P600在FCZ,F3,F4,P3,P4,FP1,FP2,CZ八個電極點上的比較則出現(xiàn)了顯著性差異或邊緣顯著差異。結(jié)果支持了實驗的假設(shè),證明了不同身體姿勢的刺激會對被試的隱喻認知加工產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的影響。 實驗三采用與實驗二相同的實驗方式,以尾詞范式的正相關(guān)句、負相關(guān)句、無關(guān)句和錯句作為被試的呈現(xiàn)語料,并以不同的情緒刺激作為對不同被試組別的具身刺激方式。用BrainProduct公司的ERP設(shè)備記錄被試實驗過程中對呈現(xiàn)語料所產(chǎn)生的腦電反應(yīng),E-prime軟件記錄行為數(shù)據(jù),并在實驗結(jié)束后進行問卷回憶。綜合行為與腦電的數(shù)據(jù),我們認為：經(jīng)歷不同情緒刺激的被試,在對不同類型語料的理解上確實表現(xiàn)出了不同的行為反應(yīng)與腦電差異。這種不同在行為反應(yīng)上表現(xiàn)為積極情緒組被試對那些能內(nèi)隱地表現(xiàn)出被接受、被善待、被悅納等相關(guān)句子的判斷正確率更高,而消極情緒組的被試表現(xiàn)則與實驗一和實驗二相反——對那些表示被拒絕、被憎恨、被冷待等句子判斷正確率更低了。腦電的地形圖與波形圖也能直觀的顯示出積極情緒組被試與消極情緒組被試在語料加工過程中確實有著不同的大腦認知加工過程。對被試行為數(shù)據(jù)的正確率與反應(yīng)時的重復測量方差分析,以及對于電極點平均波幅的重復測量方差分析顯示,不同被試組的間差異不顯著。在對N200、N400、P300、P600四種成分的平均波形輸出中,N400成分存在組間差異。因此我們認為相關(guān)的具身刺激對被試的行為與選擇確實帶來了一定的影響。實驗結(jié)果在一定程度上驗證了實驗的假設(shè),不同情緒刺激確實會對被試的隱喻認知加工產(chǎn)生一定的影響。 綜合實驗一、二和三的結(jié)論,本研究認為,1.具身效應(yīng)對于中文隱喻認知加工具有促進或延緩作用,并且這種作用體現(xiàn)在被試的外顯行為選擇與腦電數(shù)據(jù)比較上；2.N400、P300等成分是隱喻材料理解加工敏感性的指標,其波幅、激活區(qū)域等指標是句子加工難度本身的反映；3.左右腦區(qū)在中文隱喻認知加工過程中的地位與作用是不對稱的,左右腦區(qū)存在差異,且右腦應(yīng)該是負責隱喻意義整合的區(qū)域。
[Abstract]:Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also a cognitive function. Contemporary cognitive science regards it as an important way and way for human understanding of things and understanding the world. With the current cognitive trend of cognition gradually accepted and attached to the mainstream cognitive science, it abandons the deficiency of the traditional scientific concept of physical and mental separation and emphasizes the body. The core features of action and situation in the whole cognitive process are also well known. Metaphor, as the essential way of thinking, is also being paid more and more attention to the trend of cognition. This paper, taking metaphor and metaphorical thinking as the breakthrough point, combines the relevant theories and empirical studies with physical and physical cognition, and the metaphor of metaphor. The physical nature of cognitive processing is introduced and demonstrated, and the behavior experiment and event related potential experiment are used as the research methods to explore and verify the physical nature of cognitive processing of metaphor.
This study takes the event related potential method of metaphorical online cognitive processing as the main research tool, and on the basis of the language attributes of the Chinese Metaphorical material itself (such as familiarity, normality, acceptability) and the relative physical behavior experiments (body perception, body posture and emotion), the selected corpus is used in the form of the previous questionnaire. The suitability, familiarity and the nature of the body are screened, and the three experiments are designed with the programming of E-prime software, in order to verify the physical character and its influence in the cognitive processing of Chinese metaphor, and to a certain extent, the neural mechanism of Chinese Metaphorical recognition processing is discussed.
Experiment one was designed with the tail word paradigm, which included four types of sentence, positive correlation sentence, negative correlation sentence and wrong sentence. Before and during the experiment, cold water, warm water and hot water were used to stimulate the subjects in advance, and the brain stimulated by the language material stimulation in the trial process of BrainProduct's ERP was used to record the brain. A E-prime software was used to record the behavior data of the response time and the correct rate of the presented corpus, and the questionnaires were recollection at the end of the experiment. The results of a comprehensive analysis of behavioral data and EEG data showed that subjects experiencing different temperature stimuli did show different behaviors in understanding different types of corpus. The difference between the reaction and the electroencephalogram. This difference shows that the response rate of the hot water group is higher in the hot water group, while the cold water group is more correct in the cold, cold and cold words, while the cold water group has a higher correct rate of "cold" words, while the EEG map and wave form are at the same time. The graph can also visualized the different brain cognitive processes in the process of processing of the cold water group and the hot water group in the processing of the corpus. The related physical stimulation has a certain effect on the behavior and selection of the subjects, and it is directly reflected in the explicit reaction. The difference analysis, and the repeated measurement of variance analysis for the average amplitude of the electrode point showed that the differences between the different subjects were not significant, and the gender differences of the subjects did not affect the results of the behavior response. In the statistical analysis of EEG data, the analysis of the brain topographic map and the waveform map showed differences, and the SPSS statistics showed that the P600 components were between groups. The difference is significant. We believe that the experimental results prove that different temperatures will affect the hypothesis of the cognitive processing of the subjects, and the temperature will have a certain effect on the metaphorical cognitive processing of the subjects.
Experiment two uses the positive correlation sentence of the tail word paradigm, negative correlation sentence, irrelevant sentence and wrong sentence as the presentation corpus of the subjects, with different sitting posture as a physical stimulus to different groups of subjects. Use the ERP equipment of BrainProduct company to record the electroencephalogram response produced by the corpus during the trial process, and record the number of behavior with the E-prime software. Compared to experiment one, experiment two removed more undesirable data during the off-line analysis, the reason we think it was that the body posture that kept the subjects bent and straight will cause the test to become more tired as the experiment advance, and naturally produce one. Some unrelated interference potentials. Combined with the obtained behavior and EEG data, we believe that the subjects who experienced different sitting stimuli did show different behavioral responses and EEG differences in the understanding of different types of corpus. Achievements, pride and so on are more correct in response to "I can" implicitly related materials, while the stooped subjects show more correct rates of vocabulary response to those who show failure, weakness, frustration and backwardness, and the topographic and wave chart of the EEG can also intuitively show a straight group of subjects and stoopes. The group was tested in different brain cognitive processes in the process of understanding the corpus. Although the repeated measurement variance analysis of the correct rate and response in the behavior data showed that the differences between the different subjects were not significant, but the comparison of the selected four kinds of waveform components N200, N400, P300, P600 in FCZ, F3, F4, P3, P4, FP1, FP2, CZ eight electrode points There are significant differences or marginal differences. The results support the hypothesis that the stimuli of different body positions have a corresponding effect on the cognitive processing of the subjects.
Experiment three used the same experimental method as experiment two, with the positive correlation sentence of the tail word paradigm, the negative correlation sentence, the irrelevant sentence and the wrong sentence as the presentation corpus of the subjects, and the different emotional stimuli as the physical stimulation to the different subjects. In the course of the trial experiment of BrainProduct's ERP, the presentation of the presentation was produced. The E-prime software records behavioral data and recalls the behavioral data after the experiment. Comprehensive behavior and EEG data, we believe that the subjects experiencing different emotional stimuli do show different behavioral responses and EEG differences in the understanding of different types of corpus. This difference is manifested in behavioral responses. The positive emotion group was more correct in judging those sentences that could implicitly be accepted, treated well and accepted, while the negative emotion group was performed on the contrary with experiment one and experiment two. The graph also shows that the positive emotion group and the negative emotion group do have different brain cognitive processes during the processing of the corpus. The analysis of the correct rate and the repeated measurement variance analysis of the tested behavior data and the repeated measurement of the average amplitude of the electrode points show that the different subjects are different. There is no significant difference between the four components of N200, N400, P300, P600, and there is a difference between groups in the average waveform output of the four components. Therefore, we believe that the related physical stimulation has a certain effect on the behavior and selection of the subjects. The metaphorical cognitive processing of the test has a certain influence.
In the conclusion of one, two and three comprehensive experiments, this study suggests that 1. physical effects can promote or postpone Chinese metaphorical cognitive processing, and this effect is reflected in the comparison between the explicit behavior selection and the EEG data of the subjects. 2.N400, P300 and other components are the index of metaphorical material understanding processing sensitivity, its amplitude, activation area and so on. The standard is the reflection of the difficulty of the sentence processing. The position and function of the brain area about 3. in the cognitive processing of Chinese metaphor is asymmetrical. There are differences in the left and right brain regions, and the right brain should be the area responsible for the integration of metaphorical meaning.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：H0-05

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