技藝與皇權(quán)：清宮造辦處的歷史研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-14 12:40
【摘要】：手工技藝是古代社會最主要的技藝表達方式。文章以清宮造辦處為研究對象,以技藝社會史為研究視角,采用文獻調(diào)查法、對比分析法和文獻計量法,考證清宮造辦處的歷史演變,并探討其歷史意義,同時嘗試回應(yīng)清宮造辦處所體現(xiàn)的手工技藝屬性問題。通過研究,文章得出以下認(rèn)識：一、清宮造辦處是-個在不斷完善與發(fā)展的歷史線索中形成的清代內(nèi)廷制作機構(gòu),是在康熙皇帝指導(dǎo)下圍繞養(yǎng)心殿作坊而形成的清代宮廷御制手工技藝部門。清代早期內(nèi)廷制作存在工部體系與內(nèi)府體系交替現(xiàn)象,清宮造辦處的成立最終實現(xiàn)了內(nèi)廷制作向內(nèi)府體系的轉(zhuǎn)變。二、根據(jù)清宮造辦處各時段承辦活計工作量的多寡,將清宮造辦處的歷史分為成立期、發(fā)展期、鼎盛期、守成期、消退期等五個時期。在這些演變歷史中,清宮造辦處的名稱歷經(jīng)“養(yǎng)心殿”、“造辦處”、“養(yǎng)心殿造辦處”、“內(nèi)務(wù)府造辦處”等變化,也相應(yīng)經(jīng)歷了養(yǎng)心殿、武英殿、養(yǎng)心殿造辦處和內(nèi)務(wù)府造辦處四階段。三、清宮造辦處的制作網(wǎng)絡(luò)遍及全國,其作坊分為京內(nèi)和京外兩部分。京內(nèi)作坊布局上呈現(xiàn)“城園兩重格局”的特點,京外制作地是京內(nèi)作坊的補充。清代帝國技藝網(wǎng)絡(luò)的兩端是宮廷和地方。在宮廷和地方之間,以“雪堆白”為代表的地方技藝從工匠、物料、器物等方面支持和補充著宮廷技藝。而宮廷技藝也以器物流通的方式影響地方。四、帝王、官員和工匠在清宮造辦處中分別扮演了不同角色。雍正和乾隆兩帝以設(shè)計師和管理者身份熱情地參與活計的制作；官員尤其是以怡親王允祥、海望、唐英等為代表的典型“技藝官員”,以其個人的辦事能力和技藝悟性投入到清宮造辦處各個環(huán)節(jié)的管理工作中；工匠是清宮中的技藝主體。在帝王與工匠之間,工匠的主體性作用并未因為皇權(quán)的參與而受到排擠,相反在那些通過積極姿態(tài)配合帝王要求的工匠身上能看到一些技藝亮點。來自全國各地乃至外國的工匠同帝王所轄的“家內(nèi)匠”相互協(xié)作,共同形成了清代的“宮廷技藝”。五、清宮造辦處的制造職能具有“家國二象性”特點。清宮造辦處的獨特性體現(xiàn)為豐富的作坊種類和技藝類別。因此它是中國歷史上最集中的手工技藝交流平臺。而“宮廷技藝”正是清宮造辦處所遺留下來的寶貴歷史遺產(chǎn)。
[Abstract]:Handicraft is the most important skill expression in ancient society. This paper takes the Qing palace office as the research object, takes the technical social history as the research angle, adopts the literature investigation method, the contrast analysis method and the document metrology method, studies the historical evolution of the Qing palace building office, and probes into its historical significance. At the same time, try to respond to the Qing Palace Office of the artisanal skills reflected in the problem. Through the research, the article draws the following conclusions: first, the Qing Palace Office is a production institution of the Qing Dynasty, formed in the historical clues of the continuous improvement and development of the Qing Dynasty. Is under the guidance of Emperor Kangxi around the heart of the temple workshop and the formation of the Qing Dynasty imperial handcraft department. In the early Qing Dynasty, there existed the alternation between the Ministry of Industry system and the inner government system, and the establishment of the Office of the Qing Dynasty finally realized the transformation from the inner court production to the inner government system. Secondly, according to the amount of workload undertaken by the Qing palace office, the history of the office is divided into five periods: establishment period, development period, peak period, conservation period and extinction period. In the history of these changes, the name of the Qing palace building office has undergone changes such as "Yangxin Hall", "Building Office Office", "Yangxin Dian Office", "House Office Building Office", and so on. It has also experienced corresponding changes such as the Yangxin Temple and the Wushu Hall. Yangxin Temple Office and the House Office of the four stages. Third, the production network of the Qing palace office is all over the country, and its workshops are divided into two parts: inside and outside Beijing. The layout of the workshops in Beijing presents the characteristics of "city and garden double pattern", and the place of production outside Beijing is the supplement of the workshop in Beijing. The two ends of the imperial art network in the Qing Dynasty were the court and the place. Between the court and the place, the local skill represented by "snowdrift white" supports and complements the court skill from artisans, materials, utensils, etc. And the court art also by the circulation of objects to affect the local way. Fourth, emperors, officials and craftsmen played different roles in the Qing palace office. The two emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong enthusiastically participated in the production of the work as designers and managers; officials, especially those represented by Prince Yi Yunxiang, Haiwang and Tang Ying, were typical "technical officials". The artisans are the subjects of the Qing Palace with their personal ability and skill savvy in the management of every link of the Qing Palace Office. Between emperors and craftsmen, the role of artisans' subjectivity is not excluded by the participation of imperial power, on the contrary, there are some bright points in the craftsmen who cooperate with the demands of emperors through positive posture. Craftsmen from all over the country and even foreign countries cooperated with the monarchs to form the court skills of the Qing Dynasty. Fifth, the manufacturing function of the Qing palace office has the characteristic of "family and country duality". The unique features of the Qing palace office are the rich kinds of workshops and the types of skills. Therefore, it is the most concentrated handcraft exchange platform in Chinese history. And court art is the precious historical heritage left over by the Qing palace office.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：J509.2
[Abstract]:Handicraft is the most important skill expression in ancient society. This paper takes the Qing palace office as the research object, takes the technical social history as the research angle, adopts the literature investigation method, the contrast analysis method and the document metrology method, studies the historical evolution of the Qing palace building office, and probes into its historical significance. At the same time, try to respond to the Qing Palace Office of the artisanal skills reflected in the problem. Through the research, the article draws the following conclusions: first, the Qing Palace Office is a production institution of the Qing Dynasty, formed in the historical clues of the continuous improvement and development of the Qing Dynasty. Is under the guidance of Emperor Kangxi around the heart of the temple workshop and the formation of the Qing Dynasty imperial handcraft department. In the early Qing Dynasty, there existed the alternation between the Ministry of Industry system and the inner government system, and the establishment of the Office of the Qing Dynasty finally realized the transformation from the inner court production to the inner government system. Secondly, according to the amount of workload undertaken by the Qing palace office, the history of the office is divided into five periods: establishment period, development period, peak period, conservation period and extinction period. In the history of these changes, the name of the Qing palace building office has undergone changes such as "Yangxin Hall", "Building Office Office", "Yangxin Dian Office", "House Office Building Office", and so on. It has also experienced corresponding changes such as the Yangxin Temple and the Wushu Hall. Yangxin Temple Office and the House Office of the four stages. Third, the production network of the Qing palace office is all over the country, and its workshops are divided into two parts: inside and outside Beijing. The layout of the workshops in Beijing presents the characteristics of "city and garden double pattern", and the place of production outside Beijing is the supplement of the workshop in Beijing. The two ends of the imperial art network in the Qing Dynasty were the court and the place. Between the court and the place, the local skill represented by "snowdrift white" supports and complements the court skill from artisans, materials, utensils, etc. And the court art also by the circulation of objects to affect the local way. Fourth, emperors, officials and craftsmen played different roles in the Qing palace office. The two emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong enthusiastically participated in the production of the work as designers and managers; officials, especially those represented by Prince Yi Yunxiang, Haiwang and Tang Ying, were typical "technical officials". The artisans are the subjects of the Qing Palace with their personal ability and skill savvy in the management of every link of the Qing Palace Office. Between emperors and craftsmen, the role of artisans' subjectivity is not excluded by the participation of imperial power, on the contrary, there are some bright points in the craftsmen who cooperate with the demands of emperors through positive posture. Craftsmen from all over the country and even foreign countries cooperated with the monarchs to form the court skills of the Qing Dynasty. Fifth, the manufacturing function of the Qing palace office has the characteristic of "family and country duality". The unique features of the Qing palace office are the rich kinds of workshops and the types of skills. Therefore, it is the most concentrated handcraft exchange platform in Chinese history. And court art is the precious historical heritage left over by the Qing palace office.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：J509.2
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