本文選題：正義　切入點(diǎn)：實(shí)踐　出處：《黑龍江大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：自進(jìn)入文明社會(huì)以來(lái),人類(lèi)對(duì)正義的探求及追尋從未停止,正義是伴隨人類(lèi)社會(huì)而生的古老話(huà)題,對(duì)美好社會(huì)的向往作為經(jīng)久不衰的動(dòng)力使得關(guān)于正義的思考常新。如何理解正義并用關(guān)于正義的思想改造現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì),是哲學(xué)思想家們所探討的重大主題。正如康德所言:“如果公正和正義沉淪,那么人類(lèi)就再也不值得在這個(gè)世界上生活了�！�(1)正義問(wèn)題是當(dāng)代政治哲學(xué)研究關(guān)注的核心,如何理解正義并用正義理論指導(dǎo)現(xiàn)實(shí)的社會(huì)改造,構(gòu)成了政治哲學(xué)探討的主題。毋庸置疑,正義是馬克思主義哲學(xué)的重要理論訴求,是關(guān)涉人類(lèi)解放問(wèn)題的重要思想,在馬克思主義哲學(xué)體系中占據(jù)重要的理論地位。盡管馬克思并沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)闡釋其正義思想的著作,但他在正義問(wèn)題上確實(shí)有著獨(dú)特的立場(chǎng)和觀點(diǎn)。從這個(gè)意義上講,正義是馬克思全部哲學(xué)最為根本的主題和最深沉的價(jià)值關(guān)懷。通過(guò)針對(duì)傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)的偉大變革,馬克思開(kāi)辟了解決正義問(wèn)題的全新理論視野,顛覆了長(zhǎng)期在政治哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位的思辨正義觀,在實(shí)踐的視域下實(shí)現(xiàn)正義觀的重要理論轉(zhuǎn)型。馬克思實(shí)踐視域下的正義觀并非僅僅是一個(gè)關(guān)于市民社會(huì)中人的權(quán)利、個(gè)體地位、利益分配、國(guó)家的法律和統(tǒng)治的問(wèn)題,也不僅僅是一個(gè)基于從個(gè)體角度就一定的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)諸如勞動(dòng)、能力、地位等來(lái)進(jìn)行相關(guān)的社會(huì)財(cái)富分配的問(wèn)題。馬克思實(shí)踐視域下的正義觀的真正旨趣在于社會(huì)和個(gè)人的終極目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn),憑借人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)發(fā)展進(jìn)程中所創(chuàng)造的美好生活、共同福利,社會(huì)將最終完成對(duì)個(gè)體的重塑,使“現(xiàn)實(shí)的個(gè)人”得以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)人的本質(zhì)的真正占有。由此,正義真正的主題在于追求人性的生成與完善,追求人之為人的崇高境界,堅(jiān)守人之為人的準(zhǔn)則和理想。馬克思的正義觀深受古希臘哲學(xué)思想的影響,正如王爾德所講:“馬克思對(duì)正義的看法深受伊壁鳩魯?shù)挠绊?即將一種歷史的維度引入了關(guān)于正義的討論�！�(2)并根據(jù)德國(guó)社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)進(jìn)行了有針對(duì)性的批判,尤其是對(duì)黑格爾哲學(xué)和費(fèi)爾巴哈哲學(xué)進(jìn)行批判性的改造,形成了自己的思想。對(duì)馬克思來(lái)說(shuō),在地位不對(duì)稱(chēng)的群體中根本不存在真正的自由和平等的交往,資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的界定正式通過(guò)有無(wú)生產(chǎn)資料實(shí)現(xiàn)的,只有深刻的徹底的變革才能夠克服這種對(duì)抗。馬克思正義觀是以實(shí)踐的思維方式為基礎(chǔ)的正義觀,不同于思辨的思維方式,它不是從抽象的先驗(yàn)主體出發(fā)去解決正義問(wèn)題,而是從現(xiàn)實(shí)的人的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)出發(fā),主張通過(guò)變革現(xiàn)實(shí)生活秩序解決正義問(wèn)題。馬克思的正義觀對(duì)正義本質(zhì)的探討不可能脫離道德理論、政治哲學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)說(shuō)等關(guān)于人性和善的社會(huì)的一般性討論,也就是關(guān)于人類(lèi)生存的意義和目的等問(wèn)題的諸多方面。同時(shí),正義的實(shí)現(xiàn)必須借助現(xiàn)實(shí)的人民群眾,作為摧毀資本主義固有秩序的社會(huì)力量,無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的解放與全人類(lèi)的解放具有完全一致的價(jià)值取向,并因此而成為正義的主張者和踐行者,馬克思對(duì)資本主義批判的激進(jìn)品格和共產(chǎn)主義眼界由此展現(xiàn)。本文通過(guò)對(duì)西方哲學(xué)史中的正義思想進(jìn)行梳理,分析了正義內(nèi)涵的演變,探討了思辨正義觀的理論表現(xiàn)及其歷史形態(tài)。著重研究了自然正義、情感正義、自由主義正義等一系列正義理論,從而厘清了正義的發(fā)展線(xiàn)索。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本文著重探討了正義的實(shí)踐轉(zhuǎn)向和實(shí)踐品格。馬克思直接論述正義問(wèn)題的論著雖然很少,但是對(duì)馬克思一系列經(jīng)典文本進(jìn)行挖掘,依然可以發(fā)現(xiàn)馬克思正義觀的形成脈絡(luò),進(jìn)而對(duì)馬克思正義觀深入分析。在對(duì)馬克思正義觀的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行的概括中,本文著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了馬克思正義觀的批判性前提就是對(duì)私有制的徹底顛覆,實(shí)現(xiàn)正義的首要條件即是消滅私有制;通過(guò)生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)這一人類(lèi)最根本的實(shí)踐解決物質(zhì)資料的匱乏問(wèn)題,是實(shí)現(xiàn)正義的主要途徑;就理論形態(tài)而言,馬克思實(shí)踐視域下的正義觀是一個(gè)復(fù)合的結(jié)構(gòu),是在應(yīng)得正義理論之上的超越性正義理論;依據(jù)理論邏輯,必然提出根本解決人的異化問(wèn)題,建立共產(chǎn)主義社會(huì)的實(shí)踐訴求。顯然,實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體之善和社會(huì)之善的融合,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)人的真正自由,乃是馬克思正義觀的理論真諦。
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of civilization, the human search for justice and pursuit of justice is never stop, old topic with human society and the power to yearn for a better society as enduring makes thinking about justice often new. How to understand justice and ideological transformation on the justice of the social reality, is a major theme of philosophical thinkers are discussed. As Kant said: "if the justice and justice to perish, then humans will not worth living in this world." (1) the problem of justice is the core concern of contemporary political philosophy, such as social justice and justice reform of understanding the theory of reality, constitute the political philosophy to explore the topic. There is no doubt that justice is an important theory of Marx's philosophy, which is an important ideological problem of human liberation, occupy an important principle in Marx's philosophy system The status of the theory. Although Marx did not specifically explain the idea of justice works, but he in the issue of justice is indeed a unique position and views. In this sense, justice is the most fundamental theme of all of Marx's philosophy and the most profound value concern. Through great changes in traditional philosophy, Marx opened up the new theory field of vision to solve the problem of justice, to subvert the long-term dominance in the field of political philosophy thinking of the concept of justice, an important theory of the concept of justice in practice from the perspective of transformation. Under the perspective of Marx's practice of justice is not only a civil society in human rights, individual status, distribution of interests, countries the rule of law and is not a problem, from the perspective of individual must measure such as labor, based on ability, status to carry out related social wealth distribution From the perspective of Marx's practice. The real purport under the concept of justice is to achieve the ultimate goal of society and individual, with people in the process of social development to create a better life, common welfare, society will eventually reshape the individual, the "realistic individual" to the realization of the nature of true possession. Thus, the real theme of justice is to improve the generation of the pursuit of human being, the pursuit of lofty realm of people, adhere to the people as the criterion and ideal people. Marx's concept of justice is deeply influenced by the ancient Greek philosophy, as Wilde said: "Marx's influence on perceptions of justice by Epicurus, is a the historical dimension is introduced to discuss about justice." (2) according to the German society were targeted, especially critical of Hagel's philosophy and Feuerbach's Philosophy The transformation, formed its own thought. For Marx, there is no real freedom and equal communication in the asymmetry of the status of the population, the definition of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat has no formal through the means of production, only a deep thorough change to be able to overcome this confrontation. Marx's concept of Justice is in the practical thinking based on justice, different from the dialectical way of thinking, it is not from the abstract transcendental subject set out to solve the problem of justice, but from the reality of human activities, should solve the problem of justice by changing the order of real life. Marx's concept of justice to explore the nature of justice can not be divorced from the moral theory, political philosophy, a general discussion of social economic theory about human nature and the many aspects of human existence also is about the meaning and purpose of the problem. At the same time, it The meaning of implementation must resort to real people, as the destruction of the capitalist inherent order of social forces, the liberation of the proletariat and the liberation of all mankind has the value orientation of exactly the same, and thus become the justice advocate and practitioner, Marx of the radical character of criticizing capitalism and communism which show the vision. In this paper, through the combing thoughts of justice in the history of western philosophy, analyzes the evolution of the connotation of justice, discusses the theoretical performance and the historical form of the concept of justice. Focusing on the emotion of natural justice, justice, justice and a series of liberalism theory of justice, in order to clarify the development clue of justice. On this basis, this paper focuses on the steering of justice practice and practice character. Marx discusses the question of justice works although rarely, but a series of classic texts of Marx Mining, can still find the formation process of Marx's concept of justice, and the concept of in-depth analysis of Marx justice. In the summary of the content of Marx's concept of justice, this paper emphasizes the critical premise of Marx's conception of justice is in private ownership to overturn, realize justice first condition is the elimination of private ownership; shortage to solve the material through the practice of production labor is the most fundamental to the human, is the main way to achieve justice; the term of theory, from the perspective of Marx's practice under the concept of justice is a composite structure, is based on the theory of justice deserve the transcendence of the theory of justice; on the basis of the theory of logic, must fundamentally solve the problem of human alienation is put forward the practice demands the establishment of the Communist society. Obviously, the fusion to realize the individual good and the good of society, so as to realize the real freedom, but the concept of justice in Marx The true meaning of the theory.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：黑龍江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B0-0
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本文編號(hào)：1632472