本文關(guān)鍵詞：農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)與農(nóng)戶小額貸款研究　出處：《中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 小額信貸 農(nóng)村信用體系 信息不對(duì)稱 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避 農(nóng)村制度供給 農(nóng)村金融生態(tài)

【摘要】：當(dāng)前,商業(yè)銀行推動(dòng)農(nóng)民小額信貸的一個(gè)重要瓶頸就是小額信貸信息不夠透明,銀行對(duì)農(nóng)民信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)難以控制的問(wèn)題。農(nóng)村小額信貸的支持對(duì)象主要是農(nóng)村貧困人口,這類人群缺乏信用記錄,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)合格抵押物和擔(dān)保缺失的事實(shí),使得在國(guó)家金融支農(nóng)力度不斷加大的背景下,一般農(nóng)戶依舊難以獲得融資支持,這成為“三農(nóng)”發(fā)展的重要制約。本文試圖對(duì)農(nóng)民信用評(píng)級(jí)和農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)解決農(nóng)民小額信用貸款的瓶頸問(wèn)題進(jìn)行研究探討。本文首先明確小額信貸對(duì)于農(nóng)民維持生產(chǎn)和擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)的積極作用,探討農(nóng)民獲得小額貸款的來(lái)源、機(jī)制和數(shù)量,以及農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)在向農(nóng)民發(fā)放小額信貸時(shí)所受到的阻礙機(jī)制。本文通過(guò)對(duì)農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)的政策分析、實(shí)際調(diào)研和案例分析發(fā)現(xiàn),金融機(jī)構(gòu)形成“農(nóng)戶+征信+信貸”的業(yè)務(wù)模式,為農(nóng)戶貸款建立了通道。征信本身的信息記錄功能和對(duì)激勵(lì)與懲罰措施的規(guī)定,降低了農(nóng)民在重復(fù)博弈中的機(jī)會(huì)主義和道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn),有助于農(nóng)村良好信用風(fēng)氣的形成。本文梳理了我國(guó)農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)的發(fā)展歷程,對(duì)各地農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)的情況進(jìn)行了總體分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在推進(jìn)農(nóng)戶信用評(píng)級(jí)方面,各地根據(jù)自身的情況有很多的創(chuàng)新,主要是依托政府的組織協(xié)調(diào)能力,善用村一級(jí)基層組織的力量和社會(huì)組織的力量,來(lái)推動(dòng)農(nóng)戶信息的收集和信用等級(jí)的評(píng)定。同時(shí)農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)把農(nóng)戶信用評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果與貸款投放和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制相結(jié)合,推動(dòng)農(nóng)民小額貸款的規(guī)范化發(fā)展。在對(duì)農(nóng)民進(jìn)行信用等級(jí)評(píng)定的過(guò)程中,也加深了基層組織和農(nóng)民之間的相互信任,農(nóng)民獲得了生產(chǎn)資金,對(duì)農(nóng)村和農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)行投入和開(kāi)發(fā),農(nóng)村金融生態(tài)發(fā)展形成良性循環(huán)。本文對(duì)新疆農(nóng)村信用工程建設(shè)做了案例分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多值得借鑒的閃光點(diǎn)。(1)建立適合農(nóng)民的信用評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)制,聘請(qǐng)村支書(shū)兼任農(nóng)村信用社的信貸協(xié)管員,開(kāi)展農(nóng)戶資料搜集和信用初評(píng);(2)實(shí)現(xiàn)信貸利率、期限、額度與農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的信用等級(jí)相連接。(3)進(jìn)一步完善了涉農(nóng)金融機(jī)構(gòu)農(nóng)村地區(qū)的金融服務(wù)網(wǎng)點(diǎn),推廣電子支付,解決農(nóng)民居住比較分散的問(wèn)題。本文對(duì)農(nóng)民信用等級(jí)評(píng)定對(duì)農(nóng)戶貸款的影響因子做了樣本實(shí)證研究,通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),(1)信用等級(jí)主要解決農(nóng)戶貸款準(zhǔn)入門(mén)檻的問(wèn)題,是銀行識(shí)別客戶的重要依據(jù),銀行對(duì)于信用等級(jí)高的農(nóng)戶,發(fā)放的貸款也多。(2)數(shù)據(jù)分析同時(shí)顯示,受到貸款用途的影響,并非信用等級(jí)高的農(nóng)戶就一定能夠獲得信用貸款,更多時(shí)候是由貸款投向所決定的。對(duì)于預(yù)期收入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的貸款投向,為抵補(bǔ)這部分風(fēng)險(xiǎn),銀行往往會(huì)采取保證等方式辦理。(3)貸款用途相對(duì)于信用評(píng)級(jí)和貸款方式,對(duì)貸款期限的影響最大,貸款用途對(duì)利率影響也最為明顯。(4)通過(guò)實(shí)證發(fā)現(xiàn),銀行在貸款利率定價(jià)時(shí),對(duì)于貸款方式(保證或信用)有一定偏好,信用貸款的人明顯比保證貸款的人利率更高,平均要高出0.88%。這說(shuō)明,農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)還處于初步階段,銀行對(duì)于信用評(píng)定的認(rèn)識(shí)也在處級(jí)階段,銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制還是偏好于擔(dān)保和保證,在未來(lái),隨著農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)的深入,這種情況應(yīng)該會(huì)改變。在對(duì)政策、案例和實(shí)證分析的基礎(chǔ)上,本文建議如下:(1)進(jìn)一步統(tǒng)一農(nóng)戶信用檔案和信用評(píng)級(jí)的格式,有制可循。(2)政府部門(mén)在農(nóng)村信用工程建設(shè)中擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用,政府部門(mén)在政策上向涉農(nóng)金融機(jī)構(gòu)予以傾剎,對(duì)信用戶、信用村(鎮(zhèn))的集體和個(gè)人進(jìn)行正向激勵(lì),將信用工程建設(shè)與農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整緊密結(jié)合起來(lái),引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民選好發(fā)展項(xiàng)目。(3)農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)在農(nóng)村信用工程建設(shè)中承擔(dān)主辦作用,是各方匯集的終端。信用社應(yīng)與當(dāng)?shù)卣块T(mén)和農(nóng)民多溝通,把信用建設(shè)與完善信貸機(jī)制相結(jié)合,打造小額信用貸款品牌。(4)推動(dòng)評(píng)定結(jié)果的互認(rèn),節(jié)約金融機(jī)構(gòu)管理成本,方便農(nóng)戶貸款申請(qǐng),提高獲得貸款的成功率。(5)重視大數(shù)據(jù)、區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)在農(nóng)戶征信過(guò)程中的使用,這是未來(lái)的發(fā)展方向。大數(shù)據(jù)征信等科技金融在農(nóng)村的使用,可以改變傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)戶信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理模式,使之更有效率。本文最后得出結(jié)論:農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)通過(guò)制度公共物品的提供,激活了農(nóng)村的金融生態(tài)環(huán)境。在需求上降低了農(nóng)民的貸款門(mén)檻,簡(jiǎn)化了農(nóng)民的貸款手續(xù),增加了農(nóng)戶的貸款,農(nóng)戶將獲得的資金投入農(nóng)村建設(shè)中,促進(jìn)了農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。在供給上,農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)為農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)控制金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提供了工具和抓手,以此增加金融供給,提高了產(chǎn)出水平。農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)也能在一定程度上抑制農(nóng)村資金的外流,使農(nóng)村的高額凈儲(chǔ)蓄支持農(nóng)村這個(gè)地域廣闊、人口眾多的市場(chǎng)發(fā)展,并獲得更高收益。以農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)所引致的農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展,不僅有助于糾正嚴(yán)重失衡的城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu),而且為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期可持續(xù)發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ),因此農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)應(yīng)不斷完善,在農(nóng)村更深入的持續(xù)下去。
[Abstract]:At present, commercial banks to promote farmers microfinance is an important bottleneck of micro credit information is not transparent, the Bank of farmers credit risk control problems. The rural micro credit support is the main target of rural poor population, this population lack of credit records, long qualified collateral and guarantees the absence of facts, which continue to increase in the national financial support under the background of the general farmers are still difficult to obtain financing support, which become an important restricting rural development. This paper tries to study the bottleneck problem of farmers' credit rating and credit system construction to solve the rural micro credit loans to farmers. Firstly, clear microfinance plays a positive role in maintaining production and farmers to expand production the discussion of the source of small loans for farmers, the mechanism and quantity, and the rural financial institutions issued to farmers in small When the credit mechanism is hindered. Based on the analysis of the rural credit system construction policy, practical investigation and case analysis found that financial institutions to form a "farmer + credit + credit" business model, establish a channel for information recording work of credit loans to farmers. The energy and of the incentive and punishment measures, reduce farmer in a repeated game of opportunism and moral hazard, contribute to the formation of rural credit good atmosphere. This paper reviews the development course of the rural credit system construction in China, construction of rural credit system around the situation for the overall analysis, found in promoting the credit rating, there are a lot of innovation according to the country the situation is mainly relying on the government organization and coordination ability, make use of village level organizations at the grass-roots level of strength and strength of social organization, to promote farmers' information collection and credit Evaluation of rural financial institutions. At the same time the farmer credit evaluation and credit risk control and the combination of standardized development of farmers to promote microfinance. In the process of credit rating for farmers, also deepened mutual trust between organizations and farmers, for farmers to obtain the production funds, investment and the development of agriculture and rural development of rural financial ecology, forming a virtuous circle. This paper makes a case analysis on the construction of credit in rural areas of Xinjiang, found that there are a lot of valuable flash point. (1) establish farmer credit evaluation mechanism, the village party secretary concurrently hired the rural credit cooperatives credit coordinators, to carry out household data collection and credit evaluation; (2) the credit interest rate, term, amount and credit level of rural economic main body is connected. (3) to further improve the agriculture related financial institutions in the rural areas of financial services Network promotion, electronic payment, farmers living scattered problems. This paper gives an empirical study on the sample of farmers credit rating factors on loans to farmers, through the analysis of the data found that (1) the credit rating is mainly to solve the problem of farmers loans access threshold, is an important basis for banks to identify customers, the bank for high credit rating the farmers loans also. (2) data analysis also showed that affected the use of the loans, not high credit rating of farmers will be able to get credit loans, loans to invest more time by the decision. The higher the risk of expected income loans, to offset this risk, banks tend to to ensure the way of handling. (3) the use of the loans relative to the credit rating and loans, the maximum loan period of loan interest rate, use effect is most obvious. (by 4) The empirical study indicates that the bank loan interest rate pricing, for the loan (guarantee or credit) have certain preferences, credit guarantee loans are significantly more than higher interest rates, higher than the average 0.88%. this shows that the rural credit system construction is still in the initial stage, the bank credit rating is at the primary stage the bank, risk control or preference for collateral and guarantees, in the future, with the deepening of the rural credit system construction, this situation should be changed. In the policy based case analysis and empirical analysis, the suggestions are as follows: (1) to further unify farmers credit files and credit rating format, system (2 to follow.) the government sector as the leading role in the construction of rural credit project, government departments in the policy to the agriculture related financial institutions to be inclined to the letter Rizal, user, credit village (town) of the collective and individual positive incentives, the credit industry The construction and adjustment of rural industrial structure closely, to guide farmers to choose development projects. (3) the rural financial institutions to undertake the host role in the construction of rural credit project, is the terminal parties pooled. Credit cooperatives should communicate with the local government and farmers, the credit construction and perfect credit mechanism combining to create small credit brand. (4) to promote the evaluation results of the recognition, saving the cost of management of financial institutions, to facilitate the farmers loan application, improve the success rate of obtaining loans. (5) pay attention to big data, block chain technology used in household credit in the process, this is the future direction of the development of big data technology. Credit and other financial service in rural areas, farmers can change the traditional credit risk management mode, to make it more efficient. This paper finally draws the conclusion: the construction of rural credit system by providing a system of public goods, the activation of the rural financial The ecological environment in the demand for reducing farmers' loan threshold, simplify the farmers loan procedures, increase farmers' loans, farmers will receive funding for rural construction, promote the development of rural economy. In the supply of rural credit system construction, provides a tool to control the financial risk and the starting point for rural financial institutions, in order to increase financial supply, improve the level of output. The outflow of the rural credit system construction also inhibited the rural capital to a certain extent, the rural high net savings to support rural market development of this vast territory, large population, and higher income. With the development of rural finance caused by the construction of rural credit system. Not only has two structure in urban and rural areas to help correct the imbalance, and lay the foundation for China long-term sustainable economic development, so the construction of rural credit system should be perfected, in the countryside Go on in depth.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：F832.4

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