【摘要】：港口國監(jiān)督是港口當(dāng)局依照國際公約、本國規(guī)定或區(qū)域性協(xié)定對(duì)抵港的外籍船舶實(shí)施的檢查,以確保船舶和人命安全,防止海洋污染為目的,以船員、船舶技術(shù)狀況和船舶管理狀況為對(duì)象。港口國監(jiān)督在航運(yùn)界已被廣泛認(rèn)可,被認(rèn)為是消除低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)船舶,提高船舶安全與防止船舶污染海洋環(huán)境,促進(jìn)船旗國全面、充分、有效履行國際公約的最有效措施。因此,執(zhí)行港口國監(jiān)督與港口安全、海洋環(huán)境以及行業(yè)安全等緊密相關(guān)。本文擬從歷史和比較的角度,就我國港口國監(jiān)督存在的問題進(jìn)行探析并提出相應(yīng)對(duì)策及建議。 港口國監(jiān)督始于1982年,伴隨全球第一個(gè)區(qū)域性港口國備忘錄組織——巴黎備忘錄組織的成立而產(chǎn)生。經(jīng)過30余年的發(fā)展,港口國監(jiān)督體系已經(jīng)基本覆蓋了全球,成為促進(jìn)履約,提高航運(yùn)安全管理,保障海上人命安全,保護(hù)海洋環(huán)境的重要監(jiān)管力量。中國于1990年開始實(shí)施港口國監(jiān)督,由中國海事局具體落實(shí)該項(xiàng)工作。近年來,海事局通過不斷提高行政執(zhí)法能力,在港口國監(jiān)督方面取得了長足發(fā)展。但是,在一些新形勢(shì)和新需求面前,我國港口國監(jiān)督略顯不足,存在著一些問題。諸如航運(yùn)業(yè)長時(shí)間徘徊于低迷狀態(tài),經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇仍處于相當(dāng)脆弱的狀態(tài),整個(gè)航運(yùn)業(yè)的安全管理水平是否也有所下降,又如美國海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)實(shí)施“二十一世紀(jì)質(zhì)量船舶”、巴黎備忘錄實(shí)施新的檢查機(jī)制,是否會(huì)形成“此消彼長”的影響,低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)船①是否因“擠出效應(yīng)”大量流入中國港口水域,再如中國多個(gè)港口提出航運(yùn)中心規(guī)劃建設(shè)、郵輪母港建設(shè),擴(kuò)大港口吞吐量勢(shì)必需要更多的船舶承擔(dān)運(yùn)輸任務(wù),目前的港口安全是否能承受更為繁忙的海上交通。因此,創(chuàng)新我國港口國監(jiān)督的相關(guān)機(jī)制,提升我國港口國監(jiān)督執(zhí)法能效,將產(chǎn)生重要的影響。近者可更好地提升我國航運(yùn)行業(yè)安全、港口與海洋環(huán)境安全,遠(yuǎn)者可提升我國在全球航運(yùn)領(lǐng)域的影響力和話語權(quán)。 本文采用文獻(xiàn)研究法、歷史研究法和比較研究法進(jìn)行研究,力圖對(duì)我國港口國監(jiān)督有一個(gè)全面客觀的認(rèn)識(shí)與了解。文中采用文獻(xiàn)研究法對(duì)我國港口國監(jiān)督進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)綜述,回顧和總結(jié)了前人著作論文中的主要研究成果和研究重點(diǎn)；運(yùn)用歷史研究法梳理了港口國監(jiān)督的歷史演變過程,明晰了各個(gè)階段的主要特點(diǎn)；通過比較研究法分析了我國港口國監(jiān)督的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和存在問題,并提出相應(yīng)對(duì)策和建議。
[Abstract]:Port State Supervision is an inspection carried out by the port authorities on foreign ships arriving in port in accordance with international conventions, national regulations or regional agreements for the purpose of ensuring the safety of ships and human lives and preventing marine pollution, with the aim of crew members, The technical condition of the ship and the condition of the management of the ship shall be the object. Port State Supervision has been widely recognized in shipping circles. It is considered to be the most effective measure to eliminate low-standard ships, improve ship safety and prevent pollution of marine environment by ships, and promote flag States to fully, fully and effectively implement international conventions. Therefore, the implementation of port state control is closely related to port security, marine environment and industry security. From the point of view of history and comparison, this paper probes into the problems existing in China's port state supervision and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. Port State Supervision began in 1982 with the establishment of the Paris Memorandum Organization, the first regional port State memorandum organization in the world. After more than 30 years of development, the port state supervision system has basically covered the world, and has become an important regulatory force to promote compliance, improve shipping safety management, ensure the safety of human lives at sea and protect the marine environment. China began to carry out port state supervision in 1990, and this work was carried out by China Maritime Administration. In recent years, the Maritime Bureau has made great progress in port state supervision by continuously improving its administrative law enforcement capacity. However, in the face of some new situations and new demands, China's port state supervision is a little inadequate, and there are some problems. For example, the shipping industry has been hovering around for a long time in a state of depression, the economic recovery is still in a rather fragile state, and whether the safety management level of the entire shipping industry has also declined, such as the implementation by the United States Coast Guard of "21 century quality ships", Whether the implementation of the new inspection mechanism in the Paris Memorandum of understanding will have the effect of "ups and downs", whether the low-standard vessel 1 will flow into China's port waters in large quantities due to the "crowding-out effect", and as many ports in China have proposed the planning and construction of shipping centers, The construction of cruise home port and the expansion of port throughput are bound to require more ships to undertake transport tasks, and whether the current port security can withstand more busy maritime traffic. Therefore, the innovation of the relevant mechanism of our port state supervision and the improvement of the energy efficiency of our country's port state supervision enforcement will have an important impact. The nearer can improve the security of China's shipping industry, port and marine environment security, and the distant ones can enhance the influence and speaking power of our country in the field of global shipping. In this paper, the method of literature research, historical study and comparative research are used to study the port state supervision of our country in order to have a comprehensive and objective understanding. In this paper, we use the literature research method to review the literature of port state supervision in China, and review and summarize the main research results and research emphases in the previous works. This paper uses the historical research method to sort out the historical evolution process of port state supervision, clarifies the main characteristics of each stage, analyzes the present situation and existing problems of the development of port state supervision in our country by comparative research method, and puts forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廈門大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：F552.1;U691

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