本文選題：碼頭搬運業(yè) + 組織�。� 參考：《南京大學》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：碼頭搬運業(yè)是重慶近代社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中一個不可或缺的行業(yè)。近代以來,經(jīng)歷了清末重慶開埠時期、第二十一軍控制重慶時期、抗日戰(zhàn)爭及國共內(nèi)戰(zhàn)等歷史時期。重慶地區(qū)的碼頭搬運業(yè)在行業(yè)規(guī)模、組織狀況等方面都有了顯著的發(fā)展。同時,搬運工人的社會生活也受到了不同時期社會經(jīng)濟狀況的影響,并呈現(xiàn)出不同的特點。本文以近代重慶開埠通商以來的碼頭搬運業(yè)為研究對象,研究這一行業(yè)在不同歷史時期的發(fā)展演變,并重點論述了碼頭工會成立對碼頭搬運業(yè)的影響；政府對碼頭搬運業(yè)的管理變遷,并對碼頭搬運工的生存狀況進行探討。 重慶開埠后,隨著川江航運業(yè)的發(fā)展,重慶碼頭搬運業(yè)得到初步發(fā)展,逐漸成為重慶地區(qū)交通運輸中不可或缺的一環(huán)。第二十一軍控制重慶時期,重慶的行政地位提升,處于劉湘“軍人干政”的控制,政局相對穩(wěn)定。當局政府積極修建和完善相關(guān)碼頭設(shè)施,促進了碼頭搬運業(yè)的發(fā)展�？箲�(zhàn)軍興以來,大量物資涌入后方,加之重慶成為國民政府的陪都,“下江人”紛紛涌入重慶,重慶進入空前繁榮的歷史時期,重慶碼頭的貨物吞吐量、物資數(shù)量等都有了很大發(fā)展,碼頭搬運業(yè)也得到空前發(fā)展�？箲�(zhàn)勝利后,國民政府遷回南京,各方勢力試圖控制重慶碼頭,碼頭形勢復雜化。 近代重慶碼頭搬運業(yè)行業(yè)組織在不同歷史時期呈現(xiàn)出不同的發(fā)展變化。重慶開埠初,袍哥勢力控制了重慶碼頭行幫。在袍哥把頭的帶領(lǐng)下,碼頭行幫具有很強的壟斷性,各個行幫把頭分別控制了不同區(qū)域的碼頭搬運。第二十一軍控制重慶時期,碼頭搬運業(yè)中的傳統(tǒng)行幫紛紛改組,成立工會。工會雖然保留了傳統(tǒng)行幫的一些特點,在組織上又有向近代化轉(zhuǎn)型的趨勢,組織機構(gòu)更趨規(guī)范,因而較之開埠初期的行幫,更能維護搬運工人的利益。工會的建立,使得工人凝結(jié)成一股社會力量,在民族主義浪潮興起的1920年代,表現(xiàn)出某些符合時代潮流的“近代精神”。在工會的引導下,工人能夠爭取一部分自己的利益,并與幫會勢力、政府當局進行一定程度上的博弈�？谷諔�(zhàn)爭時期,國民政府對碼頭秩序進行整頓,加大了對碼頭工會組織的監(jiān)管力度,不僅對碼頭工會的組織形式進行改革,更引導其在經(jīng)濟功能上向近代行業(yè)組織過渡。 碼頭搬運工的生活狀況在不同歷史時期也呈現(xiàn)出不同的特點。開埠初期,由于傳統(tǒng)行幫組織的限制,碼頭行幫中存在許多剝削方式,工人難以維護其正當利益。收入方面,由于碼頭搬運行業(yè)實行轉(zhuǎn)包制,掌握了工作資源的各級包工頭、把頭等,往往抽取扣頭,盤剝工人,工人無力反抗。碼頭搬運工人的生活,總體上看異常艱難,工作時間、勞動強度等都比較強。抗戰(zhàn)初期,重慶行政地位提升,大量物資聚集重慶,使得重慶出現(xiàn)短暫的繁榮,也創(chuàng)造了更多的就業(yè)機會,因此,工人收入得以提高。但好景不長,隨著國民經(jīng)濟的逐漸惡化,社會最底層的碼頭搬運工也是首當其沖,深受其苦。
[Abstract]:The port handling industry is an indispensable industry in the social and economic development of Chongqing in modern times. Since modern times, it experienced the period of the opening of Chongqing in the late Qing Dynasty, the twenty-first army controlled the period of Chongqing, the war of resistance against Japan and the civil war of the Kuomintang and other historical periods. The port handling industry in Chongqing has developed significantly in the aspects of industry scale and organization. At the time, the social life of the porters has also been influenced by the social and economic conditions of different periods, and presents different characteristics. This paper studies the development and evolution of this industry in different historical periods, and expounds the shadow of the establishment of the wharf trade union on the wharf handling industry in the modern Chongqing. The management changes of the dockyard industry are discussed, and the survival condition of the dock porters is also discussed.
After the opening of the port in Chongqing, with the development of the shipping industry of the Sichuan river, the port handling industry in Chongqing has been preliminarily developed and gradually became an integral part of the traffic and transportation in Chongqing. During the period of the control of Chongqing, the administrative status of the twenty-first army was promoted, and the government was under the control of Liu Xiang's "military affairs", and the political situation was relatively stable. The government was actively building and finishing the construction and completion of the government. Since the Anti Japanese army was in the rear, a large number of materials poured into the rear, and Chongqing became the capital of the national government. "The people of the Jiang River" poured into Chongqing, and Chongqing entered an unprecedented prosperous historical period. The quantity of cargo and the quantity of goods and materials in the dock of the Chongqing wharf had been greatly developed. After the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, the Kuomintang government moved back to Nanjing, and all sides tried to control the Chongqing port. The Docklands were complicated.
Chongqing wharf transportation industry organization in the modern times showed different development and changes in different historical periods. At the beginning of Chongqing's opening, the robe brother forces controlled the Chongqing wharf bank. Under the lead of Robe brother, the wharf bank has a strong monopoly, and the head of each bank control the wharf handling in different regions. The control of the twenty-first army is heavy. In the Qing period, the traditional banks in the wharf handling industry have reorganized and formed a trade union. Although the trade unions have retained some characteristics of the traditional banks, they also have the trend of transition to modernization in the organization, and the organization is more standardized. Therefore, the trade union is more able to maintain the benefits of the porters than the beginning of the opening of the port. The establishment of the trade union makes the workers condense into one. In the 1920s of the tide of nationalism, the share of social forces showed some "modern spirit" which was in line with the tide of the times. Under the guidance of the trade union, the workers could strive for a part of their own interests and played a certain game with the forces of the gang and the government authorities. During the war of resistance against Japan, the national government rectified the order of the wharf. It has strengthened the supervision of the union organization of the wharf, not only to reform the organization form of the wharf trade union, but also to guide its transition to the modern industry organization in the economic function.
The living conditions of the wharf porters also show different characteristics in different historical periods. In the early days of the opening of the port, due to the restriction of the traditional bank organization, there were many ways of exploitation in the wharf bank, and the workers were unable to maintain their legitimate interests. In the early days of the war of resistance against Japan, the administrative status of Chongqing increased and a large number of materials gathered in Chongqing, which made Chongqing a brief prosperity and created more employment opportunities, therefore, workers' income. It has been improved. But it has not been long. With the gradual deterioration of the national economy, the bottom Porter of the society is also the first to bear the brunt.

【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K25;F552.9

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