本文關(guān)鍵詞：美國聯(lián)邦化時期的公民教育研究　出處：《西北師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：美國以高度的“民主、平等、自由”而聞名于世。作為一個年輕而獨(dú)特的國家,美國既沒有古老悠久的歷史也沒有深厚宏大的文化積淀。在短短大約三百年的歷史中,她以令人艷羨的速度走過了其它歐洲國家上千年走過的道路。她的教育發(fā)展史尤其是公民教育亦隨著國家的騰飛飛速發(fā)展,創(chuàng)造了人類教育史上的奇跡,成為其它國家參考借鑒的典范。美國的歷史是一部美國人爭取公民權(quán)利的斗爭史。殖民時期,公民教育開始萌芽;建國初期,基本確立公民教育;南北戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后,公民教育基本進(jìn)入初步發(fā)展階段。在其斗爭的過程中公民的內(nèi)涵不斷擴(kuò)大,從尋求接納而獲得公民身份,到處于社會最底層的黑人和婦女獲得公民資格并介入政治領(lǐng)域,成為美國憲政歷史發(fā)展的基本動力和核心線索。 《獨(dú)立宣言》、《美國憲法》、《人權(quán)法案》奠定了美國聯(lián)邦化時期公民教育的政治基礎(chǔ),而托馬斯·杰斐遜、本杰明·富蘭克林、亞伯拉罕·林肯、賀拉斯·曼、亨利·巴納德等則為美國公民教育奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的思想基礎(chǔ)。美國社會獨(dú)特的地理環(huán)境、特殊的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)以及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和與其相關(guān)的社會環(huán)境因素成為影響國家公民教育形成和發(fā)展的根本宏觀背景。它們直接影響美國公民教育的價值取向。 美國憲政民主對國內(nèi)公民所實(shí)施的教育就是民主社會中關(guān)于自治政府的教育,教育的目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)具有強(qiáng)烈的愛國意識、清晰的民主理念、積極的參政態(tài)度,維護(hù)憲政民主的理性行為的愛國公民。方法主要以強(qiáng)制性的灌輸和演講教育為主。 聯(lián)邦化時期公民教育途徑多樣。學(xué)校是實(shí)施公民教育的最有效的途徑。公立學(xué)校被看成是實(shí)現(xiàn)教育理想和普及公民教育的“諾亞方舟”。學(xué)校的職能就是有目的、有計(jì)劃、系統(tǒng)地將社會規(guī)范、價值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和知識技能傳授給學(xué)生。宗教教育成為聯(lián)邦化時期公民教育的第二大途徑。在美國,大多數(shù)人信仰基督教,基督教精神對于美國人來說是一種無形的道德力量。這種力量是美國自由的根基和源泉,承擔(dān)著用“美國精神”熏陶美國公民,鑄造公民靈魂的神圣使命。社會中的公民教育可謂無處不有。偉人的葬禮,各種新聞中的政治事件無不蘊(yùn)含著公民教育的成分。而文學(xué)、報(bào)紙、新聞及電影作為新潮事物及文化的使者,也是公民教育的弘揚(yáng)者,倍受關(guān)注。家庭是公民教育的基礎(chǔ),以書本為媒介,講述著書本中的知識與謬誤,美德與邪惡,在公民教育中的作用不可低估。宗教儀式和慶典是家庭的必要活動,也是家庭進(jìn)行公民教育的基本載體和媒介。 聯(lián)邦化時期公民教育具有明顯的特征。政治性是最顯著的特征,重視公民知識的灌輸,教育途徑的多樣化和教育內(nèi)容的滲透性都是其顯著特征。另外,聯(lián)邦化時期公民教育發(fā)展不平衡,表現(xiàn)在地域間的不平衡和公民的受教育權(quán)利上存在著明顯的不平等性。這種掩藏在法律平等面紗下的事實(shí)上的不平等與歧視成為擺在公民教育面前的最大障礙。而且公民教育中的種族歧視和受教育權(quán)的不平等是難以消除的。經(jīng)費(fèi)籌措不力,優(yōu)秀教師緊缺,文化差異較大,更多的人需要接受更多年限的教育等一系列問題仍是聯(lián)邦化時期公民教育中的瑕疵。 本研究遵循兩條線索論述美國聯(lián)邦化時期的公民教育。即以美國聯(lián)邦化時期公民教育的發(fā)展演變?yōu)榭v線,遵循美國公民教育“美國化”這一基本治國理念,追溯美國公民教育的歷史淵源,闡述其在聯(lián)邦化時期的發(fā)展演變,旨在從宏觀上把握美國公民教育的來龍去脈。以美國聯(lián)邦化時期公民教育的具體開展為橫線,對聯(lián)邦化時期公民教育的背景、影響因素、開展基礎(chǔ)、公民教育的目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容、實(shí)施途徑與方法、產(chǎn)生的影響及特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行深入解剖,旨在對這一時期的公民教育做一系統(tǒng)、全面的透視式分析,從而借鑒吸收。
[Abstract]:The United States with a high degree of "democracy, equality, freedom" is famous in the world. As a young and unique country, the United States has neither ancient history nor profound grand cultural accumulation. In just about three hundred years of history, with her enviable speed had the thousands of European countries year on the road. The history of the development of her education especially the civic education also along with the rapid development of national development, created a miracle in the history of human education, become a model for reference to other countries. The United States is a history of American civil rights struggle history. During the colonial period, the civic education began to sprout early, basically established; civic education; civic education after the civil war, entered the preliminary stage of development. The connotation of citizen in its struggle process continues to expand, from seeking admission to citizenship, at the agency The bottom of the bottom of the black and women to obtain citizenship and to intervene in the political field, become the basic impetus and core clue of the history of constitutional government in the United States.
< < declaration of independence, the constitution of the United States >, < > the bill of rights laid the political foundation of the United States Federal civic education in the period of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, Horace Mann, Henry Barnard for American citizenship education has laid a solid ideological foundation. The unique geographical environment of American society, the special historical and cultural traditions and the political and economic system and its related social and environmental factors become the national citizen education influence the formation and development of the fundamental macroeconomic background. They directly influence the value orientation of civic education in the United States.
A government education in American constitutional democracy imposed on domestic citizen education is a democratic society, the goal of education is to cultivate a strong sense of patriotism, a clear idea of democracy, positive attitude towards political participation, patriotic citizens maintain rational behavior of constitutional democracy. The main methods on compulsory education and speech education.
Federal citizen education in the period of a variety of ways. The school is the most effective way to implement citizenship education. Public schools are realizing the education idea and the popularization of citizen education "Noah's Ark." the function of school education is purposeful, planned, systematic social norms, value standard to impart knowledge and skills to the students. The quasi religious education has become the second largest way lianbanghua period of civic education in the United States, most people believe in Christianity, the Christian spirit is a kind of invisible moral power for Americans. This force is the foundation and source of American freedom, bear with "American spirit" the influence of American citizens, citizens of the soul. The sacred mission of casting is the citizen education society everywhere. A great man's funeral, political events are all in the news contains elements of civic education. But the literature, newspapers, news and movies as a new Angel tide things and culture, but also promote the civic education, has attracted much attention. The family is the foundation of citizen education, on the books for the media, about knowledge and falsehood in the book, virtue and evil in citizen education role should not be underestimated. Religious rituals and ceremonies are necessary for the activity of family, the basic the carrier and the media is also home to the civic education.
The federal citizen education period has obvious characteristics. The political nature is the most significant feature, pay attention to civic knowledge, permeability diversification and education content education are its remarkable characteristics. In addition, the Federation of civic education in the period of unbalanced development, reflected in the regional imbalance and the right of citizens to education there are obvious inequality. This hidden in legal equality under the veil of inequality and discrimination has become the biggest obstacles placed in front of the civic education and civic education. The racial discrimination and the education right is difficult to eliminate. The financing is poor, excellent teachers, cultural differences and more people need more years of education is still a series of problems such as the federal period in civic education flaw.
This research follows two clues about citizenship education in American lianbanghua period. The development of American Federation of civic education in the period of the evolution of the vertical line, follow the American civic education "United States" the basic concept of the rule, origin of American civic education, expounds its evolution in the development of federal period, to hold the United States civic education from the macro to the specific sequence of events. In the United States Federal civic education in the period of the line, Banghua antithetical couplet of civic education in the period of the background, influence factors, basis, goal of civic education, contents, approaches and methods, the influence and characteristics of in-depth anatomy, to civic education in this period to make a comprehensive analysis of the system perspective, so as to absorb.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：G571.2

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本文編號：1374652