本文關鍵詞： 作業(yè) 作業(yè)設計 作業(yè)設計理論 文本分析 課程視域 “可視化”　出處：《華東師范大學》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：長期以來,作業(yè)一直是教育領域的核心話題之一。作業(yè)是教師依據(jù)一定的目的而設計,并要求學生利用非教學時間完成的學習任務。作業(yè)不僅是學校教育的“名片”,而且作業(yè)也往往會成為學生是否喜歡一門學科,是否喜歡一位老師的重要條件。近年來,學生的作業(yè)問題飽受質疑。作業(yè)是教師實踐得最多卻研究得較少的領域之一。作業(yè)應有的價值毋庸置疑。作業(yè)設計質量、作業(yè)實施效果等都應成為衡量課程改革成效的重要指標。作業(yè)設計質量是決定作業(yè)實施效果的關鍵所在,提升作業(yè)設計的質量,不僅需要準確地把握和了解作業(yè)設計現(xiàn)狀中存在的問題,而且需要有科學的作業(yè)理論作為指導,更加需要有效的作業(yè)設計方法來提供專業(yè)保障。本研究以解決作業(yè)設計中的“真實問題”為研究的出發(fā)點,主要圍繞“如何在課程視域下設計作業(yè)”這一核心問題逐步展開論述。本論文著重研究了與課程視域下作業(yè)設計相關的五個基本問題：一是當下作業(yè)設計中存在的真實問題究竟是什么?二是作業(yè)設計思想的歷史發(fā)展脈絡究竟是什么?三是如何基于作業(yè)真實問題和作業(yè)設計思想的歷史發(fā)展脈絡,建構并形成課程視域下的作業(yè)設計觀?四是課程視域作業(yè)設計觀下有哪些基本的作業(yè)設計策略與方法?五是課程視域下作業(yè)設計策略如何“可視化”,從而更好地指導教師進行作業(yè)設計?第一章著重分析了作業(yè)的內涵、價值與國內外研究現(xiàn)狀。在此基礎上提出作業(yè)設計問題是目前作業(yè)研究領域迫切需要解決的關鍵問題,也是深化課程改革、減輕學生過重課業(yè)負擔的迫切需要解決的首要問題。第二章主要論述了作業(yè)設計存在的真實問題。2013年通過對上海市60所學校學生真實的作業(yè)文本分析,以及對30000多個教師、學生和家長的問卷調查,研究結果顯示現(xiàn)行作業(yè)設計整體表現(xiàn)出“經驗比研究多”、“問題比優(yōu)點多”的基本特征。首先,作業(yè)設計質量不佳是導致作業(yè)實施效果不理想的關鍵原因,作業(yè)設計質量不高導致學生作業(yè)興趣不高,作業(yè)負擔過重,對提高學業(yè)成績的效果也不明顯；其次,作業(yè)設計質量普遍不理想,主要表現(xiàn)在作業(yè)功能定位、作業(yè)目標、作業(yè)時間、作業(yè)難度、作業(yè)類型、作業(yè)差異性、作業(yè)的結構性等各個方面；再次,作業(yè)設計質量不高的原因主要來自于作業(yè)設計理論的欠缺,作業(yè)設計策略方法的匱乏,以及教師作業(yè)設計能力差強人意等方面。本章從現(xiàn)作業(yè)設計真實問題角度闡明了課程視域作業(yè)設計觀符合現(xiàn)實訴求。第三章著重論述了作業(yè)設計觀的歷史發(fā)展脈絡。通過文獻研究的方法,梳理了國內外十多位著名專家對于作業(yè)設計的相關思想,嘗試歸納出四種典型的作業(yè)思想,即“作業(yè)即游戲活動”、“作業(yè)即教學鞏固”、“作業(yè)即學習活動”、“作業(yè)即評價任務”。本章從歷史發(fā)展脈絡的角度,進一步說明課程視域下的作業(yè)設計符合歷史發(fā)展趨勢。第四章嘗試建構并形成了課程視域下的作業(yè)設計觀。通過對歷史上不同作業(yè)設計觀中課程、教學、作業(yè)三者之間的關系分析,提出課程視域下的作業(yè)設計觀的基本特征與基本理念,論述了課程視域下的作業(yè)設計觀不僅符合作業(yè)設計的現(xiàn)實訴求,而且也符合歷史發(fā)展趨勢。通過比較課程視域下作業(yè)設計和教學視域下作業(yè)設計的異同,本研究認為課程視域下的作業(yè)設計,更加強調的是一種科學的作業(yè)設計范式,強調作業(yè)設計中的“目標導向”、“整體設計”、“反饋改進”和“尊重差異”等基本理念。第五章著重闡述了課程視域下作業(yè)設計的基本策略。結合課程視域下作業(yè)設計觀的基本理念,提出課程視域下作業(yè)設計的六大基本策略：一是基于課程目標整體設計作業(yè)目標；二是作業(yè)內容與作業(yè)目標保持一致性；三是作業(yè)各關鍵要素具有內在結構性；四是作業(yè)內容要求需體現(xiàn)縱橫系統(tǒng)性；五是依據(jù)學生作業(yè)結果反思完善作業(yè)設計；六是關注個性學習的差異性作業(yè)設計。第六章主要闡述如何將課程視域下作業(yè)設計策略“可視化”,以提高教師的作業(yè)設計能力。課程視域下作業(yè)設計策略“可視化”強調作業(yè)設計要從“宏觀理念—中觀流程與工具-微觀問題”相結合進行系統(tǒng)思考,主要通過作業(yè)設計前的“設計流程圖”、作業(yè)設計中的“思維過程記錄表”和作業(yè)設計后的“反思評價表”來共同保障作業(yè)設計的質量。
[Abstract]:For a long time, work is always one of the core topics in the field of education. The work is the teacher according to certain purposes, and ask the students to use non teaching time to complete the task of learning. The school education work is not only the "name card" and also tend to become a student is not love a subject, an important condition is a love teachers. In recent years, students' homework assignments is questioned. Most of teachers practice but less. No doubt. The value of work quality of job design, operation effect should become an important index to measure the success of the course reform. The quality of homework design is the key to decide the operation effect and improve the quality of operation design, not only need to accurately grasp and understand the status of operation and design problems, but also need to have as a scientific theory More work need guidance, effective design methods to provide professional security. In this study, to solve the job in the design of the "real problem" as the starting point of the study, mainly around the core issue of how to design in the curriculum from the perspective of operation gradually is discussed. This paper focuses on the design of the five basic issues related to the job and from the perspective of curriculum: one is what is the real problems of the present work in the design is two? What is the historical development of the idea of the design of homework? Based on the historical development of the three is how to work real problem and job design, job design and construction form the curriculum from the perspective of the four is what the basic concept? The strategy and method of job design courses, homework design concept from the perspective of how the curriculum is? Five "strategy of operation design visualization, so as to better guide teachers Homework design? The first chapter analyzes the work connotation, value and research status at home and abroad. On the basis of the operation design is a key problem in the research field is urgent needs to solve, but also to deepen curriculum reform, lighten the students' burden and the urgent needs to solve the problem. The second chapter mainly discusses on 60 Shanghai city school students' homework text analysis by.2013 real operation design years of existence, and on the more than 30000 of the teachers, students and parents questionnaire, the results show the overall performance of the current operation design "experience than research", "the basic characteristics of problems outweigh the advantages". First of all, the quality of work design the poor are the key factors that lead to the implementation of operation effect is not ideal, the quality of students' homework homework design does not lead to higher interest is not high, too much homework, to improve learning The achievement effect is not obvious; secondly, the quality of work design are generally not ideal, mainly in the operation function, operation goal, operation time, operation difficulty, operation type, operation difference, each operation structure and so on; thirdly, the lack of reason is not high quality operation design mainly comes from the theory of job design lack of homework design strategy, method, design and operation ability of teachers and so on. This chapter just passable design from the real problems and clarifies operation courses, homework design concept in line with reality. The third chapter focuses on the historical development of the concept of job design. Through the methods of literature research, combing the domestic and abroad more than ten famous experts the relevant thought for the design of homework, try to sum up four kinds of typical operation thought ", namely the game operation activities", "work is teaching" consolidation ". Industry is learning activities "," job evaluation task ". This chapter from the historical development angle, further explains the operation from the perspective of curriculum design conforms to the trend of historical development. The fourth chapter tries to construct and form work design courses from the perspective of view. Based on the history of different industry design in view of curriculum, teaching. Analysis of the relationship between the operation of the three, the operation design course from the perspective of view of the basic characteristics and basic ideas, and discusses the operation course design from the perspective of view not only accords with the demands of the reality operation design, but also conform to the historical development trend. Through the operation design and teaching curriculum from the perspective of Comparative Perspective under the operation design differences. This study suggests that the operation from the perspective of curriculum design, more emphasis is the work of a scientific design paradigm, emphasizing the work in the design of" goal oriented "," overall design "," feedback Improvement "and" basic concept of respecting difference ". The fifth chapter focuses on the basic strategy of curriculum design work from the perspective of combining the basic concept of curriculum. From the perspective of job design concept, six basic strategies from the perspective of curriculum design work: one is based on the overall design work curriculum objectives; two is the work content and work to maintain the same goal; three is the work of each key element has the inherent structural; four is the work required to reflect the aspect of system; five is based on the students' homework results attempts to improve job design; six is the difference of job design concern individual learning. The sixth chapter mainly elaborates how the curriculum from the perspective of homework design strategy of" visualization ", in order to improve the operation ability of the teachers. The curriculum design from the perspective of homework design strategy of" visualization "emphasizes the operation design from the" macro - meso flow concept We combine system with tools and micro problems for systematic thinking, mainly through the "design flow chart" before operation design, the "thinking process record form" in operation design and the "reflective evaluation table" after job design to ensure the quality of operation design.

【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：G424

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