本文選題：獨(dú)立學(xué)院　切入點(diǎn)：就業(yè)　出處：《長(zhǎng)江大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展,高等教育處于大發(fā)展、大分化時(shí)期,高校擴(kuò)招使得大學(xué)教育由精英教育向大眾化教育轉(zhuǎn)變。為了滿足人民群眾日益增長(zhǎng)的教育需求,國(guó)家先后頒布了一系列政策法規(guī),在國(guó)家政策利導(dǎo)的大環(huán)境下,獨(dú)立學(xué)院以其旺盛的生命力得以迅速發(fā)展。獨(dú)立學(xué)院已經(jīng)成為我國(guó)整個(gè)高等教育體系中的一個(gè)不可或缺的重要組成部分,是新形勢(shì)下高等教育辦學(xué)機(jī)制與模式的一項(xiàng)探索和創(chuàng)新。從總體上看,獨(dú)立學(xué)院的發(fā)展是健康的,但是,隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,整個(gè)社會(huì)需要的不僅僅是擴(kuò)大人才數(shù)量和提高人才質(zhì)量,而且更加需要人才結(jié)構(gòu)整體優(yōu)化。在此背景下,獨(dú)立學(xué)院畢業(yè)生就業(yè)與勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾的變化日益凸現(xiàn)出來(lái)。 首先,獨(dú)立學(xué)院大多屬于“教學(xué)型”的學(xué)校,以本科層次為主,為了充分利用資源,在專業(yè)設(shè)置、教學(xué)計(jì)劃、教材選定、師資力量、培養(yǎng)方向等方面都借助于母體,只注重專業(yè)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí),沒有注重實(shí)踐能力的培養(yǎng),不利于學(xué)生綜合素質(zhì)的提高；在培養(yǎng)方案上,自身定位不明確,與勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)需求脫軌,沒有形成自己獨(dú)特的培養(yǎng)模式和辦學(xué)特色。如此一來(lái),專業(yè)知識(shí)比一本和二本畢業(yè)生薄弱,而實(shí)踐動(dòng)手能力又亞于高職高專畢業(yè)生,在就業(yè)市場(chǎng)處于尷尬局面。 其次,獨(dú)立學(xué)院是一種新型的辦學(xué)實(shí)體,一方面,由于辦學(xué)時(shí)間短,宣傳力度不夠大,學(xué)校的知名度及社會(huì)影響力相對(duì)較弱；另一方面,在辦學(xué)過程中存在著一些辦學(xué)不規(guī)范行為,影響?yīng)毩W(xué)院的社會(huì)聲譽(yù)；再者,獨(dú)立學(xué)院畢業(yè)生自身素質(zhì)參差不齊,使得一些用人單位對(duì)獨(dú)立學(xué)院畢業(yè)生的認(rèn)可度不高,甚至在一定程度上帶有偏見。 再次,獨(dú)立學(xué)院學(xué)生在高考過程當(dāng)中,成績(jī)不理想,與普通本科學(xué)生相比,高考成績(jī)?cè)诜謹(jǐn)?shù)上有著明顯的差距,主要以三本層次錄��；一方面,學(xué)習(xí)能力存在著明顯的不足,加上獨(dú)立學(xué)院社會(huì)知名度不高,使得他們與普通本科學(xué)生交往或者在求職的過程中,自信心受到打擊,產(chǎn)生了自卑和憂郁的心理,不能充分展示自己的能力；另一方面,獨(dú)立學(xué)院學(xué)生的家庭狀況、家庭成員的受教育程度等指數(shù)都較高,學(xué)生普遍綜合素質(zhì)相對(duì)較高,因而,在求職過程中,因家庭、同學(xué)等各方面原因的影響,就業(yè)期望值比較高,不愿扎深基層,吃苦意志比較薄弱,在與普通院校畢業(yè)生同臺(tái)競(jìng)技的過程中,表現(xiàn)出的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不足。 當(dāng)前我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出地表現(xiàn)為：勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)因素、勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格因素及知識(shí)密集型第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展相對(duì)滯后的矛盾。 首先,我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾的勞動(dòng)力因素主要表現(xiàn)為勞動(dòng)力整體素質(zhì)低下。我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的技能型人才總量嚴(yán)重不足,技術(shù)人員、研發(fā)人員、熟練技工供給不足,尤其是高級(jí)技能人才嚴(yán)重短缺,普通勞動(dòng)者或者大學(xué)畢業(yè)生無(wú)法適應(yīng)崗位的需求。勞動(dòng)力的素質(zhì)和其掌握的技能不符合企業(yè)發(fā)展的需求,矛盾簡(jiǎn)要表現(xiàn)為“招工難”和“就業(yè)難”。因此,畢業(yè)生勞動(dòng)力的整體素質(zhì)不能適應(yīng)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和提升的需要是我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾及就業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾的一個(gè)主要原因。 其次,我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾的勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格因素主要表現(xiàn)在用人單位和求職者在薪酬上的定價(jià)錯(cuò)位。一方面,企業(yè)對(duì)市場(chǎng)預(yù)期判斷不確定,對(duì)經(jīng)營(yíng)前景的預(yù)期不確定,企業(yè)不敢輕易提高用工成本,致使工資較低,導(dǎo)致供求雙方在工資價(jià)格上未能達(dá)成一致,造成招工難；另一方面,經(jīng)濟(jì)和工資水平持續(xù)高增長(zhǎng)造成求職者對(duì)工資水平逐年增長(zhǎng)的心理預(yù)期,求職者不愿接受工資水平不變或下降的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)；第三,教育支出的高投入必然期望得到高回報(bào),較高的心理預(yù)期也使一些大學(xué)生在擇業(yè)過程中出現(xiàn)“高不成低不就”現(xiàn)象,從而造成選擇性失業(yè),呈現(xiàn)出心理預(yù)期影響就業(yè)率的現(xiàn)象。用人單位和求職者在薪酬上的定價(jià)錯(cuò)位也致使“招工難”和“就業(yè)難”現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。 第三,我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾主要表現(xiàn)在第一、二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展不平衡,第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展相對(duì)滯后。第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展水平是衡量一個(gè)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的標(biāo)志之一,也能體現(xiàn)一個(gè)地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量,大力發(fā)展第三產(chǎn)業(yè)是優(yōu)化我國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的必然選擇,也是當(dāng)前我國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。由于我國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力供給還以低知識(shí)、低技能的勞動(dòng)力為主,高素質(zhì)勞動(dòng)力相對(duì)比較短缺,因此,大力發(fā)展知識(shí)密集型的第三產(chǎn)業(yè)是解決我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾以及大學(xué)生就業(yè)難的最有力途徑。 面對(duì)獨(dú)立學(xué)院畢業(yè)生就業(yè)與勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾,應(yīng)及時(shí)調(diào)整教育結(jié)構(gòu),提升辦學(xué)能力,準(zhǔn)確辦學(xué)定位,深化特色辦學(xué),把握市場(chǎng)規(guī)律,密切校企合作,積極尋求解決獨(dú)立學(xué)院畢業(yè)生就業(yè)的對(duì)策思路。 第一,教育的最終目的是為政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會(huì)發(fā)展提供智力支持和人才保障,高等教育是為社會(huì)培養(yǎng)相應(yīng)的人才,目前我國(guó)教育結(jié)構(gòu)是：研究生教育和本科教育穩(wěn)步發(fā)展,高職教育規(guī)模大力擴(kuò)張,而獨(dú)立學(xué)院辦學(xué)處在700多所普通高校和1000多所高等職業(yè)院校之間,獨(dú)立學(xué)院如何求生存、求發(fā)展是一個(gè)嚴(yán)肅的課題。獨(dú)立學(xué)院應(yīng)抓住高等教育結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的機(jī)遇,提升自身的辦學(xué)能力,以滿足高等教育大眾化、專業(yè)化、技能化的要求,適應(yīng)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)需求,緩解教育結(jié)構(gòu)與勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)需求結(jié)構(gòu)脫節(jié)等結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾問題。 第二,獨(dú)立學(xué)院辦學(xué)定位問題是一個(gè)不斷變化發(fā)展的過程,在學(xué)院發(fā)展的不同階段賦予不同的內(nèi)涵。獨(dú)立學(xué)院在辦學(xué)之初,辦學(xué)定位是關(guān)乎獨(dú)立學(xué)院生存和發(fā)展的首要問題。獨(dú)立學(xué)院介于普通本科和職業(yè)院校之間,不同于普通本科培養(yǎng)的“高、精、尖”的研究型人才,也與職業(yè)院校培養(yǎng)的技術(shù)層次存在差別,它是培養(yǎng)適應(yīng)地方和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展需要,培養(yǎng)有理論、懂管理、綜合實(shí)踐能力強(qiáng)的高素質(zhì)的應(yīng)用型人才,獨(dú)立學(xué)院都應(yīng)在當(dāng)前大眾化、多元化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)中,把握好培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)、培養(yǎng)方案和培養(yǎng)過程方面的定位。明確培養(yǎng)目標(biāo),優(yōu)化培養(yǎng)方案(包括專業(yè)設(shè)置、教學(xué)計(jì)劃、課程設(shè)計(jì)等),重視培養(yǎng)過程及過程改革,面向市場(chǎng)和社會(huì)需要,以質(zhì)量求生存,以特色求發(fā)展。 第三,獨(dú)立學(xué)院應(yīng)用型人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn),必須改革發(fā)展創(chuàng)新體制機(jī)制,要充分利用自身的優(yōu)勢(shì),大力推進(jìn)合作辦學(xué)、合作育人、合作就業(yè)、合作發(fā)展,突出人才培養(yǎng)的針對(duì)性、靈活性和開放性,把握市場(chǎng)規(guī)律,密切校企合作,增強(qiáng)辦學(xué)活力。獨(dú)立學(xué)院辦學(xué)只有把握市場(chǎng)規(guī)律,密切校企合作,使得供求雙方有效對(duì)接,緩解勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾。 隨著我國(guó)高等教育逐步走向大眾化,社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整以及金融危機(jī)對(duì)我國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行帶來(lái)的不利影響,引發(fā)我國(guó)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾,客觀分析獨(dú)立學(xué)院畢業(yè)生就業(yè)與勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾的關(guān)聯(lián)性,提出若干可供選擇的政策思路,尋求解決獨(dú)立學(xué)院畢業(yè)生就業(yè)的對(duì)策思路,對(duì)獨(dú)立學(xué)院的特色辦學(xué)和健康發(fā)展具有重要的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economy and society, higher education in the development of large, high differentiation period, college enrollment makes university education from elite education to mass education. In order to meet the people's growing demand for education, the state has promulgated a series of policies and regulations, in the national policy guide under the environment of independent college with its vigorous vitality. The rapid development of independent colleges has become an indispensable part of our higher education system, is a new exploration and innovation under the new situation of higher education mechanism and model. In general, the development of independent college is healthy, but, with the development of our the country's economy, the adjustment of industrial structure, the whole society is not only the need to expand the number of talents and improve the quality of talents, and more need to optimize the structure of talents. This background At the same time, the structural contradictions between the employment of the graduates of independent colleges and the labor market are becoming more and more obvious.
First of all, independent colleges are mostly of the "teaching" of the school, to the undergraduate level, in order to make full use of teaching resources, in professional settings, teaching plan, selected teachers, training and direction by means of the mother, only pay attention to the study of professional knowledge, pay no attention to the cultivation of practice ability, is not conducive to the overall quality of students improve; training program, self positioning is not clear, the derailment and the labor market demand, has not formed its own unique training model and school characteristics. Thus, expertise in more than one and two of the graduates are weak, and the practical ability as well as higher vocational graduates, in an awkward situation in the job market.
Secondly, the independent college is a new school entity, on the one hand, due to the short running time, and propaganda is not big enough, the school's reputation and social influence is relatively weak; on the other hand, in the process of running some of the school is not standardized behavior, affect the social reputation of the independent institute; furthermore, uneven independent college graduates make their own quality, some employers recognized independent college graduates is not high, or even to a certain extent with prejudice.
Again, the independent college students in the college entrance examination process, the result is not ideal, compared with the ordinary undergraduate students, the college entrance examination scores have obvious difference in the scores, mainly in the three levels of the admission; on the one hand, learning ability has obvious shortcomings, plus Independent School of social awareness is not high, so that they and ordinary the undergraduate students association or the job search process, confidence hit, resulting in low self-esteem and depression psychology, can not fully demonstrate their abilities; on the other hand, independent college students' family status, family education index are high, students generally relatively high quality, therefore, in the process of job hunting because of the impact of family, classmates and other reasons, the expected value of employment is relatively high, not deep roots, hardship will is relatively weak, in the process of competing against the graduates and ordinary colleges, show Lack of competitiveness.
At present, the structural contradictions in China's labor market are highlighted as: labor quality factors, labor price factors, and knowledge intensive third industries.
First of all, the labor force the structural contradictions of China's labor market mainly for the low quality of the overall labor force. The total amount of skilled talents in China's labor market a serious shortage of technical personnel, R & D personnel, insufficient supply of skilled workers, especially the serious shortage of high skilled personnel, ordinary workers or college graduates can not adapt to the demands of the job. The labor force the quality and skills do not meet the needs of enterprise development, the contradiction is brief "recruitment difficult" and "difficult employment". Therefore, the overall quality of graduates can not adapt to the need of the labor adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure is one of the main reasons for the structural contradictions of China's labor market and employment structural contradictions.
Secondly, the labor price factors, the structural contradictions of China's labor market is mainly reflected in the employers and job seekers in salary pricing dislocation. On the one hand, the enterprise to the market anticipation of uncertainty, the business outlook is uncertain, the enterprise can not easily increase labor costs, resulting in lower wages in the supply and demand sides in wages prices failed to reach agreement, due to recruitment difficulties; on the other hand, the economy and the wage level of sustained high growth caused by job seekers increased year by year on the wage level of psychological expectations, job seekers are reluctant to accept the objective reality of the wage level unchanged or decreased; third, high investment spending must expect to get high returns, high psychological expectations some college students appear in the employment of underachievement "phenomenon, resulting in selective unemployment, showing the expected impact of the employment rate of the psychological phenomenon. The misplacement of employers and job seekers on salary also leads to the serious phenomenon of "difficulty in recruiting workers" and "difficult employment".
Third, the structural contradictions of China's labor market is mainly manifested in first, second, the three industry development is not balanced, the development of the third industry is relatively backward. The development level of the third industry is the hallmark of a regional economic development level, but also to reflect a regional industrial structure, promote the development of the third industry is the inevitable choice of optimization in China the industrial structure, but also the current China's economic development strategy. Because of our country's labor supply with low knowledge, low skilled labor, relatively high quality labor shortage, therefore, vigorously develop the knowledge intensive industry is the third to solve the structural contradictions of China's labor market and the employment of college students is the most powerful way to.
In the face of the structural contradictions of independent college graduates employment and the labor market, should adjust the structure of education, enhance the ability of running, accurate orientation, deepen the school characteristics, grasp the laws of the market, close cooperation, actively seeking a solution of independent college graduates employment countermeasures.
First, the purpose of education is for political, economic, to provide intellectual support and personnel security culture and social development, higher education is to cultivate the talents for the society, the education structure of our country is: the steady development of the undergraduate education graduate education, higher vocational education scale expansion force, and independent colleges in between more than 700 ordinary colleges and more than 1000 higher occupation colleges, how to survive and development of independent college, is a serious topic. Independent colleges should seize the opportunity to adjust the structure of higher education, enhance their ability of schools to meet the needs of the popularization of higher education, professional skill requirements, to adapt to the needs of the labor market, to ease the structural contradictions the problem of education structure and labor market demand structure is out of line.
Second, the orientation of independent colleges is a constantly changing process, endowed with different connotations in different stages of development. Independent colleges in the school at the beginning of the school location is the primary issue related to the survival and development of independent colleges. Among the independent college between ordinary undergraduate and occupation colleges, different from the ordinary undergraduate education "high, fine, sharp" talents, technology level and occupation training institutions are different, it is to develop to meet the needs of local and regional economic and social development, culture theory, knowledge management, comprehensive practice can be applied talents with strong high-quality, independent colleges should be in a popular, diversified development trend in a good grasp of the training objectives, training programs and training aspects of the positioning process. Clear training objectives, optimize training programs (including professional settings, teaching plan, curriculum design, attention) Training process and process reform, facing the needs of the market and the society, seeking survival with quality, and developing with the characteristics.
Third, cultivating applied talents in the independent college must achieve the goal, the reform and development of institutional innovation, to make full use of their advantages, and vigorously promote the cooperative education, cooperative education, cooperative employment, cooperation and development, the outstanding talents, flexibility and openness, grasp the laws of the market, close cooperation, enhance the vitality of the school. Independent colleges only grasp the laws of the market, close cooperation, so that both sides of supply and demand effective docking, alleviate the structural contradiction of the labor market.
With China's higher education popularization, the development of socialist market economy, the adjustment of industrial structure and the financial crisis on the impact of China's macro economy, caused the structural contradictions of China's labor market, correlation of objective analysis of the structural contradictions of employment and the labor market of independent college graduates, and puts forward some policy options thinking seek solutions, countermeasure of employment of independent college graduates, has important theoretical and practical significance of the independent college school characteristics and healthy development.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：長(zhǎng)江大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：F249.2;G649.2

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