本文關(guān)鍵詞： 印象管理傾向 印象管理參照圖式 印象管理取向 印象管理策略 情境　出處：《陜西師范大學》2008年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 印象管理/自我呈現(xiàn)是自我的社會認知研究的核心關(guān)注點。自從Goffman(1959)的開創(chuàng)性工作以來,有關(guān)印象管理的研究在社會心理學領(lǐng)域積累了大量資料。著重探討了個體在社會環(huán)境中的“變色龍”效應。本文從人格心理學視角的自我研究出發(fā),重視個體在社會情境下的能動性和主動調(diào)節(jié)過程,把印象管理看成是積極的自我建構(gòu)過程,并以青少年為研究對象,將印象管理看作是青少年社會適應、社會化進程中的必備社會技能。 在理論分析部分,論文首先對社會心理學視野下的印象管理研究進行了梳理,然后對人格心理學領(lǐng)域自我社會性、自我信息加工、自我圖式、內(nèi)隱自我等內(nèi)容進行了回顧,并對社會情境研究方法和人-情境互動問題進行了概括。 實證研究由四個研究內(nèi)容、兩條研究主線組成,先后對1500名中學生進行了研究。相關(guān)研究采用論文首創(chuàng)的情境-角色法情境問卷探討了青少年印象管理的外顯模式及其影響因素,并考察了青少年印象管理傾向特征和影響因素。實驗研究采用內(nèi)隱實驗手段探討青少年印象管理模式的內(nèi)隱特點,即青少年印象管理中的自我圖式、內(nèi)隱自我、內(nèi)隱自我信息加工特征。具體研究如下: 1青少年印象管理傾向的分離 研究一編制了青少年印象管理傾向量表,項目分析和因素分析顯示青少年印象管理中存在自我傾向和人際傾向兩個維度。 研究二考察了青少年不同印象管理傾向的影響因素。發(fā)現(xiàn)自我傾向印象管理無年級、性別差異,且受到外向性、開放性、自尊預測;印象管理人際傾向高中生比初中生好,預測因素有自我監(jiān)控、情緒性和謹慎性,后兩個因子的預測都說明中學生的人際和諧還有待發(fā)展。 綜上,作為動機和目的,中學生印象管理傾向發(fā)展趨勢是由自我和諧到自我與人際共同和諧。 2青少年印象管理參照圖式的外顯與內(nèi)隱加工 研究三探討了不同參照圖式不同角色下青少年印象管理反應特點及其影響因素。發(fā)現(xiàn)語義圖式下的印象管理水平高,尤其是人際道德角色,自我圖式在能力角色上高掩飾。高中生和女生主張角色高掩飾。自我監(jiān)控、謹慎性可預測掩飾性但預測系數(shù)不高,顯示情境因素影響更大。 研究四運用信號檢測理論檢驗了自我圖式、理想特質(zhì)圖式、語義圖式三個參照圖式下的高中生對印象管理詞匯和誠實反應詞匯的回憶辨別力和記憶偏向。發(fā)現(xiàn)三個圖式下的詞匯辨別力沒有差異,而判斷標準有差異,出現(xiàn)了指數(shù)性分離。自我圖式、理想特質(zhì)圖式判斷標準較嚴,提示這兩種圖式下的印象管理行為反應更易受到主觀因素影響,自我呈現(xiàn)卷入程度更大。 研究五考察了認知評價對三種參照圖式下高中生印象管理水平的調(diào)節(jié)作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)自我評價使自我圖式參照達到高卷入狀態(tài),其次是理想特質(zhì)圖式,而對語義圖式參照影響不大。提示語義圖式下的印象管理行為扮演具有刻板化和程式化傾向。 綜上可得,印象管理的自我圖式加工具有更強的內(nèi)隱性。 3青少年印象管理取向的外顯與內(nèi)隱特征 研究六考察了不同情境下青少年印象管理取向和情境取向的匹配性及其影響因素。發(fā)現(xiàn)中學生在人際、道德情境中展現(xiàn)自己相應的人際技能和道德品質(zhì),在陌生人前展現(xiàn)良好人際品質(zhì),尤其女生更是這樣。在能力情境中只有面對熟悉對象才展現(xiàn)才能,在權(quán)威面前展現(xiàn)道德與人際品質(zhì)。印象管理匹配取向受到情境因素尤其是情境對象的重要影響,而人格因素預測力不高。 研究七采用了GNAT內(nèi)隱認知實驗對比了中學生對能力自我和道德自我的內(nèi)隱態(tài)度。發(fā)現(xiàn)能力自我和道德自我的內(nèi)隱積極效應等同,在能力自我上男生的內(nèi)隱積極效應大于女生。結(jié)合研究六可知,中學生在情境下表現(xiàn)出道德自我獲得社會贊許是情境因素的強制約束作用。 研究八探討了中西方文化啟動下青少年印象管理取向判斷,發(fā)現(xiàn)了文化背景作為情境因素的啟動效應,西方文化下角色更多展現(xiàn)能力自我。 研究九考察了情緒啟動對青少年印象管理能力取向的影響,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)啟動效應。 研究十探討了具有社會意義的樣例啟動對青少年印象管理取向的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)了啟動效應。 綜上,印象管理取向是一個深刻的文化和情境因素,較少受到個體特征影響,文化和情境因素對印象管理取向的影響可達自動加工水平,但不同取向自我的內(nèi)隱積極效應內(nèi)隱性更強。且印象管理取向表達的社會化在中學階段已經(jīng)完成。 4青少年印象管理策略選取的適應性變化 研究十一通過對不同情境下青少年印象管理的策略選取及其影響因素進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),道德情境中更多使用獲得性策略,面對權(quán)威對象時較少使用。高中生、女生印象管理策略使用穩(wěn)定而趨于成熟。外向性、自尊、情緒性可預測獲得性策略,且外向性可預測人際和道德情境,自尊可預測能力和權(quán)威情境,預測系數(shù)均較高,提示印象管理策略受到人格因素較大影響。 研究十二采用注意探測任務和回憶任務研究了不同印象管理策略青少年對印象管理策略詞匯的認知加工偏向,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),不同印象管理策略的中學生對相應的印象管理策略詞匯存在自動化的選擇性加工偏向和提取偏向。 研究十三探討了情緒啟動對青少年印象管理策略選取的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)了情緒的啟動效應。 研究十四考察了行為特征啟動對青少年印象管理策略選取的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)了啟動效應。 綜上,印象管理策略是作為一種比較穩(wěn)定的行為特征(人格因素)存在,具有內(nèi)隱加工特征,不過其表現(xiàn)受到情境因素制約,個體在情境因素和自身特征之間進行協(xié)調(diào)。 作為對研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的總結(jié),論文提出“情境圖式”表達個體對社會情境的認知;針對情境系統(tǒng)提出“個體特征系統(tǒng)”表達個體在認知、情感、動機、態(tài)度、行為特征等方面的獨特性的大人格觀;提出青少年印象管理適應性發(fā)展模型“情境個體特征→印象管理行為模式”,其基本含義包括:情境系統(tǒng)和個體特征系統(tǒng)是印象管理的條件和影響因素且存在協(xié)變關(guān)系、印象管理外顯和內(nèi)隱模式統(tǒng)一于適應性、自我和諧與人際和諧是中國文化背景下青少年印象管理的共同目標。
[Abstract]:Impression management / self presentation is the study of social cognition of self core concerns. Since Goffman (1959) since the pioneering work, research on impression management has accumulated a large amount of data in the field of social psychology. Focuses on the individual in the social environment of the "chameleon" effect. This paper from the Perspective of self personality psychology research of the importance of individual initiative in social situations and initiative adjusting process, the impression management as a positive self construction process, and to the youth as the research object, the impression management as adolescent social adaptation, the socialization of the necessary social skills.
In the part of theoretical analysis, firstly, from the perspective of social psychology impression management are discussed, then the field of social psychology of personality self, self information processing, self schema, implicit self content was reviewed, and the problems of social situation situation interaction research methods and people are summarized.
An empirical study by four research contents, two main lines, successively to 1500 middle school students were investigated. The first research situation of youth role situation questionnaire method of impression management explicit model and its influencing factors, and the effects of adolescent impression characteristics and influencing factors of management by experimental research tendency. The implicit experimental method to explore the implicit features of teenagers' impression management mode, namely the teenagers in impression management self schema, implicit self, implicit self information processing characteristics. The specific studies are as follows:
1 separation of adolescent impression management tendencies
In the first part, the impression management tendencies scale of adolescents was compiled. Item analysis and factor analysis showed that there were two dimensions of impression management in adolescents: self tendency and interpersonal tendency.
Study two investigated the influencing factors of different impression management tendency of adolescents. Self discovery tendency of impression management no grade, gender differences, and extraversion, openness, self-esteem, interpersonal tendency prediction; impression management of senior high school students than junior high school students good, predictors of self-monitoring, emotional and cautious, predicted two factors all students need to develop interpersonal harmony.
To sum up, as a motive and purpose, the tendency of middle school students' impression management tendency is from self harmony to self and interpersonal harmony.
2 explicit and implicit processing of reference schema for adolescent impression management
Study three discusses the different characteristics and the influence of different reaction factors refer to the role of youth impression management schema. Find semantic schema under the impression management level is high, especially the interpersonal moral character, high ability of self schema to cover up in character. High school students and girls advocate the role of high cover. Self monitoring, caution can predict the concealment but prediction the coefficient is not high, showing greater influence of situational factors.
Study four using signal detection theory to test the ideal characteristics of self schema, schema, semantic schema three reference schema for high school students under bias on impression management vocabulary and vocabulary memory honest reaction of discrimination and memory. Three words without discrimination under schema differences, and the criteria are different, the index of separation. Self schema, the ideal characteristics of schema judgment standards are very strict, prompt reaction of these two kinds of impression management behavior under the schema more vulnerable to subjective factors, self presentation involved in a greater degree.
Study five examines the moderating effect of cognitive evaluation of three high school students under the schema reference impression management level, found self evaluation self schema reference to the high involvement condition, followed by the ideal characteristics of schema, while reference has little influence on the semantic schema. That impression management behavior under the semantic schema play a stereotyped and stylized tendency.
As a result, the image processing of impression management has a stronger internal recessive process.
3 explicit and implicit characteristics of adolescent impression management orientation
Study on the six factors were investigated, and the influence of different situations of teenagers impression management orientation and context orientation. In middle school interpersonal, show their corresponding interpersonal skills and moral quality and moral situation, show good interpersonal quality of the strangers, especially girls and more so. In situations facing the familiar objects in order to show only show, morality and interpersonal quality in the presence of impression management, orientation. By situational factors especially important context object, and personality factors predictive power is not high.
Study seven used GNAT implicit cognitive experiments of middle school students on the implicit attitude ability of self and moral self. It is found that the equivalent of implicit positive effects of self and moral self, ability self implicit positive effect on boys than girls. Combined with the study of six middle school students in the context of a moral self social approval is mandatory binding effect of situational factors.
Research eight discussed the judgment of young people's impression management based on the start of Chinese and Western culture, and found that cultural background as a starting factor of situational factors. Western culture shows more roles and self.
In study nine, the influence of emotional start on the ability orientation of adolescent impression management was investigated, and no start effect was found.
Study ten explored the impact of the social significance of the sample start on the adolescent impression management orientation, and found the starting effect.
In summary, the impression management orientation is a profound cultural and situational factors, less influence of the individual characteristics, cultural and situational factors on impression management oriented to automatic processing level, but different orientation of self implicit positive effects of implicit stronger. And the expression of the social orientation of impression management has been completed in the middle school.
4 adaptable changes in the selection of adolescent impression management strategies
Based on the study of eleven different situations of adolescent impression management strategy selection and its influencing factors were studied, using more strategies of moral situations, use less face authority object. High school students, girls impression management strategy use stable and mature. Extraversion, self-esteem, emotional predicted acquisition strategy, and outgoing can predict interpersonal and moral situation, self-esteem can predict the ability and authority situation, the prediction coefficients were higher, suggesting that impression management strategies such as personality factors influence.
Study the use of twelve note detection task and recall tasks on different impression management strategy of adolescent cognitive processing of impression management strategy of lexical bias, results showed that different impression management strategies of the students to choose the automatic production of bias and bias on the vocabulary extraction of impression management strategy accordingly.
In study thirteen, the influence of emotional start on the selection of adolescent impression management strategy was explored, and the starting effect of emotion was found.
In study fourteen, the effects of behavioral characteristics starting on the selection of adolescent impression management strategies were investigated and the starting effect was found.
In conclusion, impression management strategy is a relatively stable behavior trait (personality factor), which has implicit processing characteristics, but its performance is restricted by situational factors, and individuals coordinate between situational factors and their own characteristics.
As a summary of research findings, this paper proposes "context schema" expression of individual cognition on social contexts; for the situation presented "individual character system" in individual cognition, emotion, motivation, attitude, behavior of adult unique features of the concept; a young impression management model "situation of individual adaptability development the characteristics and impression management model", the basic meaning of the system include: situational and individual characteristics is the system conditions and influencing factors of impression management and the existence of covariant relations, impression management, explicit and implicit in a pattern of system adaptability, self harmony and interpersonal harmony is the common goal of youth culture under the background of China impression management.

【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：B844.2

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 寧雅童;施旺紅;徐金芳;;大學生內(nèi)隱自尊的價值取向[J];中國健康心理學雜志;2012年09期

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本文編號：1548453