本文選題：新課標(biāo)高考　切入點：生物　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：新課程改革后,生物學(xué)科在高考理綜中占據(jù)的分值有所提高,從原有的72分成為了現(xiàn)在的90分。高考是綜合性的評價選拔考試,想要取得一個滿意的成果,就要求學(xué)生全面發(fā)展不能偏科,生物學(xué)科的分?jǐn)?shù)自然也需要提高。生物學(xué)科中圖表是第二語言,教材中常常用圖表的形式展示結(jié)構(gòu),描述變化規(guī)律,概括生理過程以及實驗流程。圖表的設(shè)置體現(xiàn)了高中生物教學(xué)的目的,即提高學(xué)生生物科學(xué)素養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察、獲取信息、圖文轉(zhuǎn)化、表達和分析綜合運用能力。因此,高考題中圖表題的設(shè)置能較好的評價學(xué)生的生物學(xué)知識掌握情況和學(xué)習(xí)能力。圖表具有文字無法代替的重要功能,它可以化無形為有形,繁瑣的知識點可以通過圖表的形式建立起相互之間的聯(lián)系,簡潔明了,形象直觀的展現(xiàn)出生物學(xué)內(nèi)容之間的關(guān)聯(lián),有利于形成知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)。必修一中出現(xiàn)的動植物細(xì)胞亞顯微結(jié)構(gòu)模式圖,清晰明了的展示出動植物細(xì)胞內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)、細(xì)胞器的形態(tài)位置、動植物細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別(植物細(xì)胞有細(xì)胞壁、液泡、葉綠體)等,該模式圖幾乎囊括了本節(jié)課要求掌握的內(nèi)容,這些都是文字很難描述清楚的。正因為圖表具有內(nèi)容豐富,可變性強的特點,通過對圖表的分析研究能夠全面的提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力,所以在考試中圖表題出現(xiàn)的概率較大,已經(jīng)成為高考生物的熱點和難點。除此之外,圖表題所考查的學(xué)生的觀察辨別能力、看圖識圖能力、圖文轉(zhuǎn)化的能力、綜合運用能力和文字表達能力等,也是生物學(xué)要求高中畢業(yè)生應(yīng)該有的生物科學(xué)素養(yǎng)。通過對云南省新課標(biāo)高考生物試題的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),近幾年的高考題中每年都出現(xiàn)圖表題,考察的內(nèi)容穩(wěn)中求變,變中求新,重點知識年年考,比如非選擇題經(jīng)�？疾斓闹R點為細(xì)胞代謝、遺傳變異、生命活動調(diào)節(jié)、生態(tài)學(xué)等,注重對學(xué)生能力的考查,特別是獲取信息能力和文字表達能力。聯(lián)系社會熱點出題,題目較新穎,個別題目文字較多,閱讀量大。通過云南省高考閱卷的反饋情況來看,在高考中圖表題的得分較低,提升空間較大,這就要求我們教師在平時的教學(xué)過程中重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的識圖能力、信息獲取處理能力,圖文轉(zhuǎn)化能力,綜合運用能力。全面提升學(xué)生的科學(xué)素養(yǎng)。筆者通過對近幾年云南省新課標(biāo)高考生物試題中圖表題的考察形式、考察知識點、學(xué)生答題情況等的分析,回歸教材,結(jié)合教材中的各類圖表進行分類歸納,得出高考中常見的幾類圖表題型,分析學(xué)生的錯因,有針對性的提出一些備考建議。希望可以幫助一線的教師,使他們意識到圖表題得分低,提升空間大的現(xiàn)狀。幫助他們加深對教材中文字和圖表的理解,把握文字與圖表之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,研究教材,升華教材。深入淺出的教學(xué),教學(xué)形式能有所突破和改進,教學(xué)過程中能有意識的訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和思維能力,成為教學(xué)名師。提高生物圖表在教材中的地位,希望一線教師在教學(xué)時充分利用課本中豐富的圖表信息,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合能力,高考備考過程中能夠有針對性有效率的總結(jié)歸納,幫助學(xué)生增強信心,攻克圖表題這個難關(guān),能力得到提升,高考能取得好的成績。
[Abstract]:After the new curriculum reform, biology occupy in the college entrance examination the score increased from the original 72 to now divided into 90 points. The college entrance examination is a comprehensive assessment of the examination, want to get a satisfactory result, it requires the comprehensive development of students not partial section, Biology scores also need to improve. The chart biology is the second language, show the structure of teaching materials is often used in a chart, describe the change rule, summarized physiological processes as well as the process of the experiment. The setting of charts reflects the high school biology teaching objective, improve the science literacy of students in biology, cultivate students' observation, access to information, graphic conversion, expression and analysis of comprehensive ability therefore, the college entrance examination in the chart title settings can grasp biological knowledge and learning ability better evaluation of students. The chart has important function to replace the text, it can be The invisible visible, complicated knowledge points can be established through the chart in the form of contact between each other, concise, intuitive image shows the biological link between the content, is conducive to the formation of knowledge networks. Animal and plant cell ultrastructure appeared in a pattern of compulsory, clear display out the internal structure of the plant cell. The morphology and position of organelles, dynamic contrast between plant cell structure (plant cells have cell walls, vacuole, chloroplast), the pattern of almost all of the class are required to master the contents of the text are difficult to explain. Because the chart has rich content, the characteristics of strong variability, to comprehensive to improve the learning ability of students through the analysis of the chart, so in the test chart probability problem appears large, has become a hot and difficult entrance organisms. In addition, the chart title To examine the student's ability to observe and identify the picture, image recognition ability, the ability of graphic transformation, comprehensive ability and writing skills, but also the biological requirements of high school graduates should be some biological science literacy. Based on the analysis of the new curriculum in Yunnan province college entrance examination papers of biology shows that every year in recent years the college entrance examination, there are graphs to change the content of the study, stability, change in innovation, focus on knowledge such as the non choice test every year, often to study the knowledge point of cell metabolism, genetic variation, regulation of life activities, such as ecology, pay attention to the students the ability to test, especially the ability to obtain information and writing skills. Contact the social hot topic, topic a new, more specific topic text, reading a large quantity. Through the feedback situation in Yunnan Province, marking the entrance, in the entrance of the problem chart a low score, promotion space is relatively large, which requires us to teach Teachers should attach importance to cultivating students' ability to read drawings in the usual teaching process, information acquisition and processing ability, graphic conversion ability, comprehensive ability. To enhance the scientific literacy of students. By studying on the chart in recent years, the new curriculum standard of college entrance examination in Yunnan Province in biological test questions, knowledge points, regression analysis of teaching materials, students the answer, according to the textbook in all kinds of charts are summarized, the chart questions the common types of college entrance examination, error analysis of the students, puts forward some suggestions for. Hope to help teachers, make them aware figcaption scores are low, improve the situation of large space to help them. Deepen our understanding of the text and graphics in the textbook to understand, grasp the internal relations between words and charts of teaching materials, teaching materials. In the sublimation of teaching, the teaching form can achieve a breakthrough and improvement of teaching. In the process of conscious training of students' learning and thinking ability, become the best teacher. To improve the status of biological chart in the textbook, I hope the teachers make full use of the abundant information chart in textbooks in the teaching, to cultivate students' comprehensive ability, college entrance examination process can be targeted effectively summarized, help students strengthen confidence, overcome the difficulties graphs, the ability to upgrade the college entrance examination can achieve good results.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：G633.91

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