百年中學歷史教科書中的法國大革命
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-17 16:30
【摘要】：作為深刻影響20世紀世界歷史的西方歷史事件,法國大革命在中國近代中學歷史教科書誕生之初就占據著一席之地。自清末中學歷史教科書產生至今一百多的歷史當中,法國大革命在教科書中的書寫發(fā)生了顯著變化。清末民初的中學歷史教科書,多凸顯法國大革命"動亂"的屬性,將"亂民"視為革命重要的推動力,教科書總體上也傾向于同情立憲王政、反感暴力革命的立場;1922年學制改革之后教科書突出了法國大革命伸張民權的意旨,革命的暴力和恐怖得到了愈來愈多的同情,革命的階級色彩也日趨明顯,就書寫角度而言,以工農階級為中心的"人民"開始爭奪革命主導權,工農群體的利益開始受到真切關注。伴隨著民族危機的加深,"國家主義"也最終戰(zhàn)勝"世界主義",成為法國大革命書寫重要之旨歸。建國后,歷史教科書中的法國大革命以反封建專制的資產階級革命的形象出現,并將革命主要動力歸之于"人民"。深受蘇聯史學和政治思想的影響,大革命書寫表現出濃厚的階級論調,強調資產階級革命同無產階級革命的根本區(qū)別,從而實際上否定了大革命的歷史作用。自八十年代末始,大革命書寫淡化了階級斗爭的論調,并透露出許多新的氣息,在新思想和新課標的浸潤之下,法國大革命在歷史教科書中的篇幅大幅縮減,其關注點也發(fā)生轉移,凸顯出新時代注重人類文明發(fā)展的意涵。法國大革命在教科書中的書寫變化,深刻折射出國人革命觀念的轉型、世界史理念的變遷,也呈現時代、教科書、史家與史學之間的互動與關聯。綜觀現行歷史教科書中的法國大革命,仍有不少問題值得反思和改進,大革命書寫應當做出與時俱進的調整,以更好地發(fā)揮出革命史教育的功效。
[Abstract]:As a Western historical event that profoundly influenced the world history in the 20th century, the French Revolution occupied a place at the beginning of the birth of the history textbook of Chinese modern middle school. Since the history of middle school history textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty, the French Revolution has changed significantly in the textbooks. In the middle school history textbooks of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the attributes of the "turmoil" of the French Revolution were highlighted, and the "chaos" was regarded as an important driving force of the revolution, and the textbooks generally tended to sympathize with the establishment of the constitutional king's government. After the 1922 school system reform, the textbooks highlighted the intention of the French Revolution to assert civil rights, and the violence and terror of the revolution gained more and more sympathy, and the class color of the revolution became increasingly evident. From the perspective of writing, The people, centered on the class of workers and peasants, began to fight for the leading power of the revolution, and the interests of the workers and peasants began to be paid close attention to. With the deepening of the national crisis, nationalism finally defeated cosmopolitanism and became an important aim of writing the French Revolution. After the founding of the people, the French Revolution in the history textbook appeared as an anti-feudal autocratic bourgeois revolution, and the main motive force of the revolution was attributed to the people. Deeply influenced by Soviet historiography and political thought, the writing of the Great Revolution showed a strong class argument and emphasized the fundamental difference between the bourgeois revolution and the proletarian revolution, which in fact negated the historical function of the Great Revolution. Since the late 1980s, the writing of the Great Revolution has played down the argument of class struggle and revealed a lot of new atmosphere. Under the infiltration of new ideas and new curriculum standards, the French Revolution has greatly reduced its space in history textbooks. Its attention has also shifted, highlighting the new era of attention to the development of human civilization. The writing changes of the French Revolution in textbooks profoundly reflect the transformation of Chinese revolutionary ideas and the changes of world history concepts, and also present the interaction and relationship between the times, textbooks, historians and historiography. Looking at the French Revolution in the current history textbooks, there are still many problems to be reconsidered and improved. The writing of the Revolution should be adjusted with the times so as to play a better role in the education of revolutionary history.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G633.51
本文編號：2246489
[Abstract]:As a Western historical event that profoundly influenced the world history in the 20th century, the French Revolution occupied a place at the beginning of the birth of the history textbook of Chinese modern middle school. Since the history of middle school history textbooks in the late Qing Dynasty, the French Revolution has changed significantly in the textbooks. In the middle school history textbooks of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the attributes of the "turmoil" of the French Revolution were highlighted, and the "chaos" was regarded as an important driving force of the revolution, and the textbooks generally tended to sympathize with the establishment of the constitutional king's government. After the 1922 school system reform, the textbooks highlighted the intention of the French Revolution to assert civil rights, and the violence and terror of the revolution gained more and more sympathy, and the class color of the revolution became increasingly evident. From the perspective of writing, The people, centered on the class of workers and peasants, began to fight for the leading power of the revolution, and the interests of the workers and peasants began to be paid close attention to. With the deepening of the national crisis, nationalism finally defeated cosmopolitanism and became an important aim of writing the French Revolution. After the founding of the people, the French Revolution in the history textbook appeared as an anti-feudal autocratic bourgeois revolution, and the main motive force of the revolution was attributed to the people. Deeply influenced by Soviet historiography and political thought, the writing of the Great Revolution showed a strong class argument and emphasized the fundamental difference between the bourgeois revolution and the proletarian revolution, which in fact negated the historical function of the Great Revolution. Since the late 1980s, the writing of the Great Revolution has played down the argument of class struggle and revealed a lot of new atmosphere. Under the infiltration of new ideas and new curriculum standards, the French Revolution has greatly reduced its space in history textbooks. Its attention has also shifted, highlighting the new era of attention to the development of human civilization. The writing changes of the French Revolution in textbooks profoundly reflect the transformation of Chinese revolutionary ideas and the changes of world history concepts, and also present the interaction and relationship between the times, textbooks, historians and historiography. Looking at the French Revolution in the current history textbooks, there are still many problems to be reconsidered and improved. The writing of the Revolution should be adjusted with the times so as to play a better role in the education of revolutionary history.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：G633.51
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