本文選題：陀思妥耶夫斯基 + 《罪與罰》　； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：費(fèi)奧多爾·米哈伊洛維奇·陀思妥耶夫斯基（以下簡(jiǎn)稱陀氏）是俄國(guó)最偉大的作家之一，他以其獨(dú)特的心理描寫而聞名于世，開創(chuàng)了心理小說的先河。陀氏善于洞悉隱藏在人的內(nèi)心深處的最微妙的變化，善于發(fā)現(xiàn)那些被人隱藏得很好的不為人知的心理。陀氏就是擁有著這樣的一雙眼睛，輕而易舉地發(fā)現(xiàn)人世間的丑陋和罪惡，并且又真實(shí)地重現(xiàn)這樣的丑陋和罪惡。正因如此，相對(duì)于文學(xué)家這個(gè)稱呼，人們更喜歡稱他為心理學(xué)家。 《罪與罰》是陀氏最具代表性的作品之一，這部作品奠定了陀氏在俄國(guó)文學(xué)乃至世界文學(xué)史中的地位。小說描寫的是一個(gè)叫做拉斯科爾尼科夫的窮困大學(xué)生，他在窮困的生活境遇中逐漸產(chǎn)生了一種超人思想，即：他把人分成了兩種：平凡人和超人，平凡人都循規(guī)蹈矩，惟命是從，他們?cè)敢饴犆谌硕也⒉幌敕纯�；而超人則是強(qiáng)者，犯法者，破壞者，他們?yōu)榱藢?shí)現(xiàn)自己美好的理想有權(quán)利逾越任何法律或是規(guī)則，甚至如果有需要他們可以踏過尸體和血泊，他們是未來的主人，他們主宰這個(gè)世界�！罢l聰明，強(qiáng)硬，誰就是他們的統(tǒng)治者。誰膽大妄為，誰就被認(rèn)為是對(duì)的。誰對(duì)許多事情報(bào)蔑視態(tài)度，誰就是立法者。誰比所有人更膽大妄為，誰就比所有人更正確”。為了證實(shí)自己是一個(gè)與眾不同的超人，他謀殺了放高利貸的老太婆。 本文就是將陀氏的人生經(jīng)歷與《罪與罰》中拉斯科爾尼科夫的超人思想的產(chǎn)生，發(fā)展直至消失這一過程相結(jié)合，將青年陀氏與大學(xué)生拉斯科爾尼科夫進(jìn)行平行研究，對(duì)比研究，闡釋出陀氏的超人思想由始至終的發(fā)展歷程以及陀氏在放棄超人思想以后，即西伯利亞流放后期的精神理念，這一時(shí)期的陀氏在思想上發(fā)生了巨大的變化，他在作品中所傳達(dá)出的思想也趨于保守，傾向于宗教，然而陀氏內(nèi)心對(duì)于人民和國(guó)家的熱愛卻從未改變，他傾其一生都在苦苦地思索著這樣一件事，那就是如何能讓俄國(guó)人民普遍地?fù)碛行腋＃绾文茏尪韲?guó)人民步入他的理想的天國(guó)。 對(duì)于陀氏的作品以及他本人所帶給我們每一個(gè)人的思考和領(lǐng)悟都有可能是不同的，這是一個(gè)仁者見仁智者見智的過程，本文所揭示出的是陀氏一直所堅(jiān)持的內(nèi)在的真善美的思想理念，即人無論處于何種境遇，順境或是逆境，都應(yīng)該堅(jiān)守著自己內(nèi)心深處的一片凈土，堅(jiān)守著自己的信仰，自己的真，善，，美，并且以此作為自己的行為準(zhǔn)則，道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不逾越道德底線，不任意妄為，并且應(yīng)該不斷地審視自己的價(jià)值信仰，用完美的基督精神約束自己的價(jià)值信仰，完善自己的價(jià)值信仰，進(jìn)而達(dá)到不斷地自我完善的效果。 本文主要根據(jù)陀氏本人的人生經(jīng)歷，宗教思想以及其他學(xué)者對(duì)其的分析，研究，重點(diǎn)在于如何從《罪與罰》這部小說中找到陀氏蘊(yùn)藏在作品之內(nèi)的思想經(jīng)絡(luò)，提煉出他反對(duì)暴力革命，崇尚心靈凈化，自我完善的思想理念，并將其合二為一；新的突破在于從新的視角闡釋陀氏的思想理念和宗教信仰，打破一貫存在于人們腦海中的關(guān)于陀氏的消極理解，指出陀氏在作品中所極力宣揚(yáng)的宗教信仰并非一般意義上的宗教信仰，所宣傳的基督也并非就是基督教的圣主基督，他所宣揚(yáng)的宗教信仰在實(shí)質(zhì)上就是陀氏本人的最高道德理想，他所鐘愛的基督實(shí)質(zhì)上就是陀氏最高道德理想的偶像和載體。 本文分為三章： 第一章：陀思妥耶夫斯基生平與創(chuàng)作。本章主要概括地闡述了作家的生平，影響，文學(xué)創(chuàng)作以及寫作特點(diǎn)。陀氏獨(dú)特的人生經(jīng)歷讓他的思想發(fā)生了諸多的轉(zhuǎn)變，也就成就了他獨(dú)樹一幟的文風(fēng)。 第二章《罪與罰》的創(chuàng)作背景及主要人物分析。本章主要結(jié)合《罪與罰》這篇小說分析其中的主要人物，拉斯科爾尼科夫和索尼婭，小說的主題即罪與罰，根據(jù)對(duì)主人公的系統(tǒng)分析，揭示出斯科爾尼科夫即是罪的載體，而索尼婭即是罰的發(fā)出者，她是上帝在人世間受苦受難的化身，拯救人世間受苦受難的罪人。 第三章解讀陀思妥耶夫斯基的超人皈依。本章結(jié)合《罪與罰》，系統(tǒng)的分析陀氏的超人思想的產(chǎn)生，發(fā)展直至最終的消亡。筆者從自己的角度重新闡釋了陀氏的基督教信仰，指出陀氏所謂的基督教，所謂的基督不過就是陀氏內(nèi)心最高道德理想的載體，陀氏所真正皈依的宗教是他的最高道德理想。 本文最終所要闡述的一個(gè)結(jié)論即是：無論是《罪與罰》中拉斯科爾尼科夫的超人皈依，還是陀氏本人的超人皈依，這里的皈依所指的不是基督教的皈依，所皈依的也自然不是基督教的圣主基督，而是陀氏本人的最高精神理想——和諧的社會(huì)，理想的天國(guó)，而通往這個(gè)最高理想的路徑即是個(gè)人的不斷自我完善，即信仰基督，實(shí)踐基督，成為基督，這里所說的基督是陀氏崇高精神理想的載體，是一個(gè)在道德上的完美偶像，而并非是基督教中的基督。雖然陀氏在字面上看似乎是在宣揚(yáng)基督，而實(shí)質(zhì)上基督只是陀氏理念的一個(gè)精神偶像，是一個(gè)代言人的形象，由基督教借入，取基督教精華，陀氏心中的基督不僅僅是基督教的圣主，更是道德的典范和理想，是他的夢(mèng)和追求，是他所想要的未來的美好的人民和社會(huì)，是他的“理想的天國(guó)”。
[Abstract]:One of Russia ' s greatest writers , Feoldor Mihlovich Dostoevsky ( hereinafter referred to as Dostos ) , was famous for his unique psychological description , and opened the first river of the psychological novel . Dostos was adept at discovering the most subtle changes hidden in the heart of human beings . Dostos was good at discovering the ugly and evil that had been hidden in the world .

It is one of the most representative works of Dostos , which lays down the position of Dostos in Russian literature and even the history of the world literature . The novel describes a poor college student named Rakoelnikov . He has gradually developed a superman ' s mind in his poor living circumstances , that is , he divides people into two kinds : ordinary and superhuman , who are willing to listen to people and do not want to resist ;
The superman is a strong man , a lawbreaker , a spoilers , who have the right to go over any law or rule in order to achieve their own good ideals . They are the masters of the future , who dominate the world . " Who is smart , tough , who is their ruler . Who is so smart , tough , who is the legislator ? Who is more daring than everyone ? Who is more daring than everyone ? " To prove that he is a different superman , he murdered his old woman .

This article is to combine the life experiences of Dostoshi with the process of the creation , development and disappearance of the superman ' s thought in the crime and punishment , and then combine the young Dostos with the college students , Rakoelnikov , to make a comparative study . The thought also tends to be conservative and inclined to the religion . However , in his life , the people and the country ' s love has never changed .

The thought and understanding of the Buddha ' s works and his own brings us to each of us may be different , this is a kind of benevolence , a wise man ' s mind , and this paper reveals the intrinsic truth and good idea of the people , that is , whether in any situation , prosperity or adversity , people should stick to their own faith , their true , good and beautiful , and should constantly examine their own values belief , use the perfect Christ spirit to bind their own value belief , perfect their own value belief , and then achieve the continuous self - improvement effect .

Based on the author ' s experience of life , religious thought and other scholars ' analysis and research , this paper focuses on how to find the thoughts and channels hidden in the works from the novel of Punishment and Punishment , and put forward his ideas of anti - violent revolution , advocating spiritual purification and self - improvement , and combining them into one ;
The new breakthrough consists in the interpretation of the ideas and religious beliefs of Dostos from a new perspective , breaking the negative understanding of Dostos , which has always existed in the minds of people , and points out that the religious belief that Dostos has advocated in his works is not a religious belief in the general sense , and that Christ is not the Christian St . Christ . His religious belief is essentially the highest moral ideal of the Buddha himself . His beloved Christ is the idol and the carrier of the highest moral ideal of the Buddha .

This article is divided into three chapters :

Chapter One : Dostoyevsky ' s life - level and creation . This chapter mainly expounds the life - level , influence , literary creation and writing characteristics of the writer . The unique life experience of Dostoshi makes his thought happen many changes , and has achieved his unique style of style .

The second chapter analyses the author ' s background and main characters of crime and punishment . This chapter analyzes the main characters of the novel , Rakoelnikov and Sonya , the main characters of the novel . According to the systematic analysis of the hero , Sonia is the carrier of the crime , and Sonya is the sender of punishment . She is the personification of God ' s suffering in the world and saves the suffering of the world .

In the third chapter , the author interprets Dostoevsky ' s superman ' s conversion . This chapter reinterprets the Christian faith of Dostos from his own point of view , and points out that the so - called Christianity is the carrier of the highest moral ideal of the Buddha ' s heart . His true conversion of religion is his highest moral ideal .

In the end of this article , the conclusion is that whether he is a Christian or a devotee of Christianity , the most ideal path to this is the self - improvement of the people , the ideal heaven and the ideal of Christ .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：I512.074

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