發(fā)布時間：2019-03-15 15:09

【摘要】：本文運用語言類型學的有關理論,結合阿爾泰語系的語言結構特點,全面分析了阿爾泰語系的語序類型及其特點。以往對阿爾泰語系所做的研究主要集中在三個方面：運用歷史語言學理論探討阿爾泰語系各語族之間、語族內各語言之間的親屬關系,運用結構語言學理論分析各語言的結構特征,運用比較語言學理論對阿爾泰語系各語族、各語族內部的各個語言、各語族之間的各個語言進行比較分析。本文在已有研究成果的基礎上,嘗試從語序類型學的角度,對阿爾泰語系的語序類型及其特征進行深入分析,并運用描寫語言學、認知語言學和語言類型學的有關理論予以解釋。 語序類型的研究首先考慮的就是研究思路的確定和研究參項的選取。阿爾泰語系各語族之間語序特征上基本上是一致的,因此,本文打破語族之間的界限,按照形態(tài)、詞、短語、句子的順序,采用層層分類的方法,綜合分析各語言的語序類型特征。在選取參項時,根據(jù)語序類型學的有關理論,結合阿爾泰語系自身特點,確定研究參項。 阿爾泰語系形態(tài)類型上屬于粘著語,語序類型上屬于SOV型語言。阿爾泰語系又是后置詞語言,它的名詞、動詞的修飾語都在名詞前邊,同時,名詞、動詞的附加成分都在名詞、動詞的后面,后置詞也在名詞、動詞的后面,這樣,阿爾泰語系的SOV語序內部又有兩個方向的語序分布：修飾成分類前置,附加成分類后置,并且名詞性成分、動詞性成分的結構都是“修飾語+中心語+附加成分”的結構。 除了緒論和結語外,論文正文部分分為六章。緒論部分提出本文研究對象的基本特點、研究的意義及難點、研究的思路及語料來源。 第一章是研究概述。首先總結了國外語序類型學的研究概況,并把語序類型學研究中常見的幾大原則作了簡要介紹。其次,概述了國內漢藏語序類型的研究概況及阿爾泰語系的語序研究概況。漢藏語系在語序類型研究方面的成果很多,也很有特色,而阿爾泰語系的語序類型研究成果卻很少。 第二章是名詞附加成分的語序類型研究。這一章分析了名詞的復數(shù)、格、人稱領屬附加成分的語序類型。根據(jù)各個附加成分的語序及語義特點,把名詞的附加成分分為內部形態(tài)和外部形態(tài)兩類：名詞復數(shù)附加成分是名詞內部形態(tài),格和人稱領屬附加成分是名詞外部形態(tài)。名詞各類附加成分不但可以單獨出現(xiàn)在名詞后面,還可以一起共現(xiàn)在名詞后面。 第三章是動詞附加成分的語序類型研究。阿爾泰語系的動詞有時、體、態(tài)、式、人稱、否定等方面的形態(tài)變化。這些形式的附加成分既可以單獨出現(xiàn)在動詞后,也可以兩個或兩個以上共現(xiàn)在動詞后面,而且各類附加成分的共現(xiàn)有一定順序。 第四章是關于詞的語序類型研究。本章重點分析了后置詞、疑問代詞的語序類型及其特征。阿爾泰語系屬于后置詞語言,后置詞普遍存在于阿爾泰語系的各個語言中。后置詞既能出現(xiàn)在名詞的后面,也能出現(xiàn)在動詞的后面。與名詞形成的后置詞結構可以是無標記的,也可以是有標記的,而與動詞形成的后置詞結構都是有標記的。 第五章是短語的語序類型研究。本章主要分析了名詞性短語、動詞性短語、形容詞性短語的語序類型及其特征。名詞的修飾語具有主客觀之分,離名詞最近的是客觀性最強的修飾語,離名詞越遠,主觀性越強。動詞的修飾語分為兩種：動詞前的修飾語即副詞性成分和動詞后的修飾語即助動詞。這兩類修飾語各有特點。形容詞的修飾語主要分析了程度副詞與否定詞,程度副詞位于形容詞的前面,否定詞位于形容詞的后面。 第六章是句子的語序類型研究。本章分析了三種句型即SOV、OSV和OVS,兩種句式即雙及物句式及差比句式。在SOV、OSV和OVS三種句型中,SOV中可以沒有賓格標記,所以是無標記的句型,是阿爾泰語系的基本句型。阿爾泰語系的差比句有兩種語序：比較項在被比較項前的差比句和比較項在被比較項后的差比句。不管是哪種語序,有兩點是不變的：比較標記總在被比較項的后面,比較結果總在句子的結尾。阿爾泰語系的雙及物句語序比較靈活,主語可以在句首、句中出現(xiàn),突厥語族的一些語言中主語還可以出現(xiàn)在句尾。直接賓語可以在間接賓語的前面,間接賓語也可以在直接賓語的前面。相比之下,直接賓語在間接賓語后可以不用賓格標記,所以直接賓語在間接賓語后面的雙及物句是更常見的雙及物句。 最后是結語。阿爾泰語系的基本語序是SOV。在句子中,謂語動詞的結構是“外在語義成分+動詞+內部語義成分”,外在語義成分是靜態(tài)的,內部語義成分是動態(tài)的,所以謂語動詞結構是平衡的結構。句子在結構上、語義上也都呈現(xiàn)平衡的狀態(tài)。
[Abstract]:This paper, using the theory of language typology, in combination with the characteristics of the language structure of the Altaic language, fully analyses the type and characteristics of the Altaic language. In the past, the research on the Altaic language family mainly focuses on three aspects: using the theory of historical linguistics to study the relationship between the various languages of the Altai family, and using the theory of structural linguistics to analyze the structural features of each language. By using the comparative linguistics theory, the language of Altya family, the language of each group and the language of each group are compared and analyzed. On the basis of the existing research results, this paper attempts to make an in-depth analysis of the order type and the characteristics of the Altai language family from the perspective of the typology of the order, and explain the related theories of the descriptive linguistics, the cognitive linguistics and the language typology. First of all, the study of the word order type is the determination of the study thought and the selection of the study. In this paper, we break the boundary between the groups, and then, according to the order of the form, the word, the phrase and the sentence, adopt the method of layer-by-layer classification, and analyze the order type of each language in a comprehensive way. On the basis of the relevant theory of the typology of the word order, according to the relevant theory of the typology of the order, the study parameter is determined according to the characteristics of the Altaic language. Item. The Altaic type belongs to an adhesive, and the word order type belongs to SOV. The Altaic language is the last word, its noun, the modifier of the verb are in the front of the noun, and the noun and the additional component of the verb are both in the noun and the verb, and the latter is also behind the noun, the verb In this way, in the SOV of the Altaic family, there are two directions in the order of the word order: to be modified into a pre-class, to be attached to a classification, and to be a noun component, and the structure of the verb component is a "Modifier + Central + Additional Components". The structure of the paper. In addition to the introduction and the conclusion, the body of the paper This paper is divided into six chapters. The introduction part puts forward the basic characteristics of the research object, the significance and the difficulty of the research, and the thought of the study. And the source of the corpus. The chapter is a summary of the study. First of all, a summary of the study of the typology of the foreign language is summarized, and some of the most common ones in the study of the typology of the order are summarized. Then a brief introduction is made. Secondly, the study of the type of Chinese-Tibetan language order and the Altaic language family are introduced. The study of the order of the Chinese and Tibetan language in the study of the type of the order type is a lot, and it is also very characteristic, and the type of the Altaic language is of the type. The research results are very few. The second chapter is the addition of the term The study of the order type of the composition. The chapter analyses the plural, the lattice, the person and the person of the noun. The word order type of the additional component. According to the order and the semantic characteristics of each additional component, the additional component of the noun is divided into two categories: internal form and external form: the plural additional components of the noun are the internal form of the noun, the lattice and the person's name are attached. The component is the external form of the noun. The various additional components of the noun can not only appear in the back of the noun, but also can A common noun. The third is a verb. An order type study of an additional component. The Altaic verb is sometimes in the form of a body, a state, a formula, a person, The form of an additional component can only appear in the back of the verb, but also two or more of the present verbs are followed by the verb, and all kinds of attachment There is a certain order in which the ingredients are added. The four chapters are the study of the word order type of the word. This chapter focuses on the following words, The word order type and its characteristics of the interrogative pronouns. In the various languages of the Altaic family. In the back, it can also appear in the back of the verb. The post-placement structure formed with the noun can be untagged or marked, not in the form of a verb. The resulting prefix structure is marked. The fifth chapter is the study of the word order type of the phrase. This chapter mainly analyzes the noun phrase, the verb phrase, The word order type and its characteristic of the adjective phrase. The modifier of the noun has the subjective and objective function, and the term closest to the term is the most objective. As a modifier, the further the term is, the stronger the subjectivity is. The modifier of the verb is divided into two: the modifier before the verb, that is, the adverb A modifier after a sexual component and a verb. The modifier of the adjective mainly analyzes the degree of the adverb and the negative, and the degree of the adverb is in the adjective. In front of the adjective, the negative is located behind the adjective This chapter analyses three sentence patterns, namely, SOV, OSV, and OV. in that three sentence pattern of SOV, OSV and OVS, there can be no bin mark in the SOV, so it is not The sentence pattern of the mark is the basic sentence pattern of the Altaic language. There are two types of differences in the Altaic language: the comparison term is before the item to be compared The difference between the comparison term and the comparison term after being compared. Whatever the order of the comparison, there are two points that are the same: the comparison mark is always At the end of the sentence, the result of the comparison is always at the end of the sentence. The two-and-a-word order of the Altaic language is more flexible, and the subject can appear in the beginning and sentence of the sentence. In some languages of the family, the subject can also appear at the end of the sentence. The direct object can be in the front of the indirect object In contrast, the direct object can not be marked by the binge after the indirect object, so the direct object is in the indirect object. a two-and-a-half The sentence is a more common form of double and object sentences. The basic order of the Altaic language is SOV. In the sentence, the structure of the predicate verb is a "in addition to that semantic component + verb + internal semantic component", and the external semantic component is static and the internal semantic component It is dynamic, so the predicate verb structure is a balanced structure.
【學位授予單位】：中央民族大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H2

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