【摘要】：現(xiàn)代漢語虛詞“了”的研究一直是漢語語法研究的熱點與難點問題。對于“了”的義項劃分，“了”的語法意義，“了”的體標記用法等方面的探討直到現(xiàn)在依舊是歧見紛出，難于統(tǒng)一。雖然語氣詞“了”作為完成體標記的用法已得到了一些學者的肯定與論證，但是對其句法限制及其認知理據(jù)方面沒有進一步的研究與探索。同時，漢語語氣詞也是表達情態(tài)的一種手段。認知語言學認為情態(tài)與體都充當句子所指事件的核心圖式的背景成分，為事件提供背景信息。而目前有對于語氣詞“了”的情態(tài)與體尚未有全面系統(tǒng)的研究，因此，本文將結(jié)合經(jīng)典的體研究理論和認知語言學相關理論，具體研究以下三個問題： （1）在陳述句中，語氣詞“了”在何種句法條件下同時表達情態(tài)與體？又在何種句法條件下只作為語氣詞單表情態(tài)？ （2）語氣詞“了”同時表達情態(tài)與體時，潛在的認知理據(jù)是什么? (3)語氣詞“了”在祈使句感嘆句中分別具備怎樣的情態(tài)意義？ 通過糾正以往對于體的理解方面出現(xiàn)的偏差，一改傳統(tǒng)情態(tài)研究中的語言偏向，從有界與無界的角度認識了完成體的本質(zhì)，并從主觀化角度重新解讀了情態(tài)。本文主要結(jié)論有： （1）當語氣詞“了”關聯(lián)的是一個有界情狀時，它同時表達情態(tài)與體，此時它的情態(tài)意義是強調(diào)先前情狀的當時相關性，并將這一相關性背景化；相反，當語氣詞“了”關聯(lián)的是一個無界情狀，它只作語氣詞。此時的情態(tài)意義是肯定和強調(diào)事態(tài)的變化。 （2）語氣詞“了”能同時表達情態(tài)與體是由于語氣詞“了”的情態(tài)意義主要源于語氣詞“了”的完成體用法，因為完成體表達的是發(fā)生在兩個時點上的兩個情狀的相關性，構(gòu)建客觀情狀相關性的過程也是說話者表達主觀態(tài)度和看法的過程，即我們所說的情態(tài)。 （3）語氣詞“了”用于祈使句中，，其情態(tài)意義是用更委婉的語氣強調(diào)事態(tài)的變化，而語氣詞“了”在感嘆句中的所具備的情態(tài)意義是對形容詞性謂詞所指狀態(tài)的主觀肯定和強調(diào)。 本文對語氣詞“了”的情態(tài)與體的系統(tǒng)研究對我們的對外漢語教學以及現(xiàn)代漢語中其它語氣詞的情態(tài)與體研究都具有一定的指導與啟示意義。
[Abstract]:The study of the function word "la" in modern Chinese has always been a hot and difficult problem in the study of Chinese grammar. It is difficult to unify the meaning division, grammatical meaning and aspect marking usage of "er" until now. Although the use of the modal word "Shi" as a perfect aspect marker has been affirmed and demonstrated by some scholars, there is no further research and exploration on its syntactic limitation and cognitive motivation. At the same time, Chinese modal words are also a means of expressing modality. Cognitive linguistics holds that both modality and aspect serve as the background elements of the core schema of the event referred to in a sentence and provide background information for the event. However, there has not been a comprehensive and systematic study on modal and aspect of modal words. Therefore, this paper will combine classical aspect study theory with cognitive linguistics theory. This paper studies the following three questions: (1) in the declarative sentence, the modal word "has" expressed both modality and aspect under what syntactic conditions? Under what syntactic conditions are they only used as modal words with single expression? (2) what are the underlying cognitive motivations when the modal and aspect are expressed simultaneously? (3) the modal word "has" been used in the imperative sentence? What are the modal meanings of exclamatory sentences? By correcting the deviation in understanding the aspect of aspect in the past, we change the linguistic bias in the traditional modal research, recognize the essence of the perfect aspect from the angle of bounded and unbounded, and reinterpret the modality from the subjective point of view. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) when the motif "has" relevance is a bounded situation, it expresses both modality and body at the same time, and its modal meaning is to emphasize the temporal relevance of the previous situation and to background this correlation; On the contrary, when the modal word "has" been associated with an unbounded situation, it is only used as the modal word. The modal meaning at this time is to affirm and emphasize the change of the state of affairs. (2) the modal meaning of modal word "er" can express both modality and aspect at the same time because the modal meaning of the modal word "er" is mainly derived from the use of the perfect aspect of the modal word "er", because the perfect aspect expresses the correlation between the two situations that occur at two time points. The process of constructing the objective correlation is also the process of the speaker expressing his subjective attitude and view, that is, the modality. (3) the motif "has" been used in imperative sentences, the modal meaning of which is to emphasize the change of events in a more euphemistic tone, The modal meaning of the modal in exclamatory sentences is the subjective affirmation and emphasis on the state of adjective predicate. This paper makes a systematic study of the modal and aspect of the modal word "has" been used in our teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. The study of modal and aspect of other modal words in modern Chinese has some guiding and enlightening significance.
【學位授予單位】：湖南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H146

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