【摘要】：類推是語言結(jié)構(gòu)及語言運用中的普遍規(guī)律,更是詞語構(gòu)成的重要機(jī)制。近年來,漢語新詞語中具有“族群化”特征的造詞方式值得關(guān)注。本文以改革開放后產(chǎn)生的詞族及相關(guān)新詞語為例,研究類推機(jī)制作用下的新詞族。 當(dāng)代漢語新詞族的發(fā)展具有動態(tài)性,同時具有明顯的定位性、生成性、不穩(wěn)定性、不平衡性。新詞族的大量涌現(xiàn)是外部社會原因、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)關(guān)系共同作用的結(jié)果,其中語言結(jié)構(gòu)起主導(dǎo)作用。 當(dāng)代漢語新詞族的形成主要有三種途徑：繼承、新造和引進(jìn)。繼承和新造屬于自源型,引進(jìn)屬于他源型。由上述三種途徑形成的類推結(jié)構(gòu)語義透明度不同：繼承型的詞族語義透明度較高,其次是新造型詞族,引進(jìn)型詞族的語義透明度最低。 當(dāng)代漢語新詞族共同語素語義演變主要有語義類化和語義泛化兩類。語義類化即在一定指稱對象上發(fā)現(xiàn)可以類化的特征,從而使共同語素指稱范圍擴(kuò)大化。語義泛化是從原義到泛化義的變化過程,主要有輻射式、連鎖式、復(fù)合式三種方式。另外,詞族共同語素與變動語素之間的語義選擇表現(xiàn)出單向高搭配性和組配的規(guī)則性。同一詞族的共同語素與不同語素間深層語義關(guān)系并不相同。 在使用過程中,當(dāng)代漢語新詞族共同語素的用法得以擴(kuò)展,功能得以增強。主要表現(xiàn)在共同語素構(gòu)詞能力增強、詞性發(fā)生演變、外來語素與漢語不斷融合等方面。同時,變動語素和共同語素也必然受到語法系統(tǒng)的制約。 詞族的形成和發(fā)展過程并不是簡單復(fù)制原有的構(gòu)詞模式,而是構(gòu)詞模式發(fā)展變異的結(jié)果。詞族內(nèi)部的不同成員之間并不完全同質(zhì),而是依據(jù)同一個詞語模式不斷擴(kuò)展出來的輻射結(jié)構(gòu)。這些相互有擴(kuò)展關(guān)系的詞語模式之間是一個“族”,構(gòu)成家族相似系列,呈現(xiàn)家族相似關(guān)系。 在反映社會發(fā)展變化方面,當(dāng)代漢語新詞族更具廣泛性、集中性、連貫性和系列性。新詞族的語用領(lǐng)域不斷擴(kuò)展,一般都會經(jīng)歷從專用領(lǐng)域向通用領(lǐng)域、從科技、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)等領(lǐng)域到社會生活領(lǐng)域的拓展過程。在擴(kuò)展過程中,語言與社會生活間的互動得到前所未有的加強。 當(dāng)代漢語新詞族的使用也納入本研究視野。本研究以河南新鄉(xiāng)學(xué)院師生為對象,采用專項調(diào)查形式,通過調(diào)查當(dāng)代漢語新詞族知曉率使用率和常用率,揭示新詞族使用的社會差異；通過調(diào)查不同社會特征(性別、年齡、受教育程度等)語言使用者的語言態(tài)度,考察網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳播、受眾心理等因素對新詞族知曉率和使用率的影響。
[Abstract]:Analogy is a universal rule in language structure and language use, and it is also an important mechanism of word formation. In recent years, Chinese neologisms with the characteristics of "ethnicization" are worthy of attention. Taking the lexical family and related neologisms produced after the reform and opening up as examples, this paper studies the neologisms under the analogizing mechanism. The development of neologism in contemporary Chinese is dynamic, and it has obvious orientation, generative, unstable and unbalanced. The emergence of a large number of neologisms is the result of external social reasons and the interaction of internal structural systems, in which language structure plays a leading role. There are three main ways to form neologism in contemporary Chinese: inheritance, creation and introduction. Inheritance and new creation belong to the self-source type, and the introduction belongs to the other source type. The semantic transparency of the analogy structure formed by the above three approaches is different: the semantic transparency of the inherited word family is higher, the second is the new modeling word family, and the semantic transparency of the imported word family is the lowest. There are two kinds of semantic evolution of common morpheme in contemporary Chinese neologisms: semantic categorization and semantic generalization. Semantic categorization is to find the features that can be classified on a certain reference object, so as to expand the scope of common morpheme reference. Semantic generalization is the process of changing from original meaning to generalization meaning, mainly in three ways: radiation, linkage and compound. In addition, the semantic selection between common morpheme and variable morpheme of lexical family shows unidirectional high collocation and regular matching. The deep semantic relationship between common morpheme and different morpheme of the same word family is different. In the process of use, the usage of common morphemes of neologisms in contemporary Chinese has been expanded and its functions enhanced. It is mainly reflected in the enhancement of common morpheme's word-formation ability, the evolution of part of speech, and the continuous fusion of foreign morpheme and Chinese. At the same time, variable morpheme and common morpheme are bound to be restricted by grammatical system. The formation and development of lexical family is not a simple copy of the original word-formation model, but the result of the development and variation of word-formation pattern. The different members of the lexical family are not homogenous, but the radiation structure is constantly expanded according to the same word pattern. There is a "family" between these extended word patterns, which form a family similarity series and present a family similarity relationship. In reflecting the social development and change, contemporary Chinese neologisms are more extensive, centralized, coherent and serial. The pragmatic field of neologism has been expanded from special field to general field, from science and technology, politics, economy and so on to social life. In the process of expansion, the interaction between language and social life has never been strengthened. The use of neologisms in contemporary Chinese is also included in this study. This research takes the teachers and students of Henan Xinxiang University as the object, adopts the special investigation form, through the investigation contemporary Chinese neologism family awareness rate and the common use rate, reveals the social difference of the neologism family use, through the investigation different social characteristic (gender, age, age), The influence of network communication, audience psychology and other factors on the awareness rate and utilization rate of neologisms was investigated.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H136

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