本文選題：線性時間 + 時間概念化��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：時間是我們認(rèn)知世界的基本范疇。對時間概念的研究首先是對時間特性的探討,在這個方面,哲學(xué)、心理學(xué)和認(rèn)知語言學(xué)都通過人對時間的體驗,把時間和客觀世界聯(lián)系起來,使時間具有空間運動性和事件性。通過把空間和空間中的物體映射到時間范疇,時間就獲得了方向性、不可逆性、持續(xù)性和可測量性等特征。本論文以哲學(xué)和認(rèn)知心理學(xué)等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域時間概念為基礎(chǔ),在認(rèn)知語言學(xué)的概念隱喻、概念轉(zhuǎn)喻以及和隱喻-轉(zhuǎn)喻的互動所建構(gòu)的理論框架內(nèi),對時間的概念化機制及其語言表征進(jìn)行了研究,主要發(fā)現(xiàn)包括以下幾個方面： 第一,對時間的空間識解考察發(fā)現(xiàn),認(rèn)知語言學(xué)的時間認(rèn)知模型與哲學(xué)和心理學(xué)的時間概念密切相關(guān),從某種意義上說,哲學(xué)和心理學(xué)的相關(guān)理論奠定了認(rèn)知語言學(xué)時間認(rèn)知模型的理論基礎(chǔ)。 從哲學(xué)的時間概念視角出發(fā),時間等同于存在,特別是人的存在,因此,人的身體結(jié)構(gòu)可以自然解釋時間運動的方向。時間認(rèn)知模型的“時間在動”和“自我在動”中的運動也是基于人的身體朝向和所處位置,與哲學(xué)關(guān)于時間運動的概念是一致的。 認(rèn)知心理學(xué)與認(rèn)知語言學(xué)一樣把時間認(rèn)知過程看著是一個隱喻概念化過程,把對時間概念的理解視為人對事物運動的理解,這樣,時間概念依附在一個較之具體的概念上而抽象出概念特征,時間認(rèn)知和時間表征都不是從時間本身出發(fā),而是以其它相關(guān)概念為依托,特別是以運動、空間和事件為依托實現(xiàn)概念化,因此,時間可以“來臨、飛逝、流走、加速、減緩”等。 第二,中英文線性時間思維隱喻表征。我們通過北京大學(xué)中國語言學(xué)研究中心(CCL)語料庫和英國國家語料庫(BNC)對中文方位詞“前”、“后”、“上”、“下”和英文介詞before (in front of), after (behind), up, down用于時間頻率的對比,發(fā)現(xiàn)中英文線性時間思維表征有以下特征： (1)中英文都使用前后方向的水平詞匯表征時間。由于英語中before和after與in front of和behind存在時間和空間使用的對應(yīng)關(guān)系,因此,before和after幾乎成為英語中專門描述水平時間的介詞,用于表征時間的使用頻繁,頻率高達(dá)95.6%和88.4%,而in front of和behind主要用于描述空間。before和after的時間表征進(jìn)一步證實了英語中水平時間思維的普遍性和主導(dǎo)性。 中文的“前”、“后”為時間和空間共用詞匯,但在CCL語料庫中,它們的時間用法高出空間用法很多,分別為71%和67%,說明中文的水平時間思維也很普遍。 (2)從語料庫的語言實例看,“前”、“后”和before、after在表征水平時間方位時,往往不使用自我中心參照框架,更多使用時間或事件參照框架,因此,“前”、“后”和before、after表征的時間方位不一定指示未來和過去的方位,它們更多地表示時間和事件的先后順序。 (3)中英文垂直線性時間思維表征有較大差異。英文中描述空間方位的詞匯up和down在語料庫中主要為空間用法,時間用法極為罕見(BNC語料庫中up和down的時間用法均為0.8%),證明英語中的線性時間思維更多為水平時間。盡管如此,語言表征中還是有垂直時間思維現(xiàn)象。 垂直時間思維表征中,中英文中都表現(xiàn)為過去的時間在上面,木來的時間在下面。但涉及時間的運動時,中文時間運動的方向是自上而下的,即中文的垂直時間構(gòu)想方式是從過去向未來移動。在英文的垂直時間構(gòu)想中,時間可以自上而下,也可以自下而上,即時間從過去走向未來,也從未來走向過去。移動的方向自下面而來時,時間從未來的時間移動到現(xiàn)在(例如：A new version of Pride and Prejudice is coming up.);移動方向自上而下時,過去的時間自上面而來到現(xiàn)在(例如：The tradition has passed down to present from Victoria time.)。 (4)中文的水平時間思維表征遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于垂直時間思維表征。“上”、“下”在CCL語料庫中的時間用法也占一定比例,分別是12%和9.3%,說明中文中垂直時間思維方式也大量使用,但水平時間思維更為普遍(71%和67%)。就時間的方向而言,中文的垂直時間可以指示時間的方位,也可以指示時間的順序,過去為上,未來為下,早先的時間為上,晚些的時間為下。 第三,時間表征中轉(zhuǎn)喻現(xiàn)象的普遍性。對時間概念化的轉(zhuǎn)喻實現(xiàn)方式的探討是本研究的一個重要創(chuàng)新點。轉(zhuǎn)喻是一個概念化過程(RaddenKovecses,2006:336),從人類認(rèn)知的轉(zhuǎn)喻性特征看,時間認(rèn)知也是一個概念化過程,轉(zhuǎn)喻是時間概念化的一種重要方式,它通過與空間運動、事件和其他相關(guān)事物發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)喻聯(lián)系實現(xiàn)自身的概念化。通過考察,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)時間轉(zhuǎn)喻主要包括六種類型： (1)時間與事件轉(zhuǎn)喻。首先,時間與事件之間有內(nèi)在轉(zhuǎn)喻聯(lián)系,事件的發(fā)生、存在都離不開時間,時間也依托事件存在。轉(zhuǎn)喻基于范疇內(nèi)部概念實體的鄰接性,人們在對各種事件的體驗認(rèn)知過程中,形成完整的概念框架�？蚣軆�(nèi)的成分也有一種鄰接性特征,這種鄰接關(guān)系往往會促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)喻的發(fā)生(Kovecses,2005)。人類在認(rèn)知事件因素過程中產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)喻思維使時間和事件產(chǎn)生概念性聯(lián)系,兩個實體融為同一圖式,時間和事件二者相互指代,時間與事件的轉(zhuǎn)喻實現(xiàn)了時間的概念化。其次,時間與事件之間的轉(zhuǎn)喻也是參照點轉(zhuǎn)喻,時間和事件在我們的認(rèn)知中形成轉(zhuǎn)喻聯(lián)系后,語言表征時往往凸顯其中一個而隱去另外一個。與其他類型的參照點轉(zhuǎn)喻一樣,說話人或聽話人可以激活時間作為一個參照點,為事件提供一個心理通道,或者激活事件作為參照點,為時間提供一個心理通道,形成時間與事件相關(guān)的整體圖式。 (2)時間與空間轉(zhuǎn)喻。包括兩個方面：一是用空間距離轉(zhuǎn)喻時距。時間借助空間實現(xiàn)概念化后,有了空間時間的概念,空間中的距離可以量化,事件發(fā)生在某個空間中,總有一個開始和結(jié)束的時間,雖然不能用測量空間距離的單位量化,但可以用描述空間距離的詞匯描述時間,如在“兩次地震發(fā)生的時間相距不遠(yuǎn)”中,“相距不遠(yuǎn)”是一個空間距離敘述用于時間敘述。二是用時距轉(zhuǎn)喻空間距離。時間與人類的日�；顒勇�(lián)系更為緊密,人們更容易意識到時間的存在,在潛意識中遵循認(rèn)知從簡原則,在空間距離表達(dá)更復(fù)雜時轉(zhuǎn)而用時間量化,例如,我們很容易記住“重慶到成都有3小時車程”,但很少有人記住兩地之間的里程是多少。 (3)活動時間與活動內(nèi)容之間的轉(zhuǎn)喻。空間時間把時間概念化為一個可以容納人和事物的容器,活動既占據(jù)空間也占據(jù)時間,因此,一個時間量也包含了這段時間中活動的內(nèi)容,例如“晨讀了30分鐘”中的“30分鐘”像個包容性器皿容納了讀書活動。 (4)時間特征與時間概念轉(zhuǎn)喻。一段時間或一個時節(jié)具有標(biāo)記性特征,如春天溫暖濕潤,秋季草木枯黃、天高云淡,夏季炎熱,冬季寒冷等,這些特征常用來轉(zhuǎn)喻具有這些特征的某個時間(范疇或概念)。 (5)部分時間與整體時間轉(zhuǎn)喻。一個整體時間由不同的時間階段組成,因此,整體時間中的部分如一年包含四季、月、天、小時等,常用來轉(zhuǎn)喻某個整體時間。 (6)實物與時間概念轉(zhuǎn)喻。人類使用的計時儀器是以實物表征時間概念,它們之間的聯(lián)系是時間轉(zhuǎn)喻思維的體現(xiàn)。在一定的語境中,計時用的實物在交際雙方的共同認(rèn)知框架內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)喻時間概念,或時間概念轉(zhuǎn)喻實物。 第四,時間概念化中存在隱喻轉(zhuǎn)喻互動。時間概念化中的隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻表征并不都有明顯的分界線,它們之間的范疇分界與其他自然范疇一樣存在成員歸屬的等級性和范疇邊界模糊性,因此,隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻有時形成一個連續(xù)體對時間進(jìn)行概念化。包括三種情況： (1)轉(zhuǎn)喻語義和隱喻語義連續(xù)發(fā)生。一個具體的時間詞語首先引發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)喻,繼而產(chǎn)生隱喻聯(lián)想,使語義先后延伸。 (2)隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻語義同時發(fā)生。隱喻轉(zhuǎn)喻連續(xù)體中二者語義同時發(fā)生,隱喻轉(zhuǎn)喻各自的路徑同時指向一個時間詞匯,產(chǎn)生復(fù)合語義。 (3)隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻語義交替發(fā)生。語義的交替產(chǎn)生源于時間識解的概念化方式,當(dāng)識解一個時間詞匯或短語時需要使用隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻,但兩種認(rèn)知手段是先后使用的,可以先隱喻再轉(zhuǎn)喻,也可以先轉(zhuǎn)喻再隱喻,這種識解方式產(chǎn)生語義的交替。 總之,本研究在前人研究基礎(chǔ)上力求在方法和內(nèi)容上有所創(chuàng)新,既借用了前人的研究成果,如心理學(xué)對中英文時間隱喻思維表征的實驗和語言觀察研究,也嘗試去發(fā)現(xiàn)時間認(rèn)知研究中被忽略的方面,如中英文時間隱喻表征的語料庫研究、時間概念化的轉(zhuǎn)喻研究、隱轉(zhuǎn)喻(metaphtonymy)認(rèn)知現(xiàn)象等。在豐富時間概念化表征研究、彌補時間詞匯語義學(xué)研究的不足方面取得了有益進(jìn)展。
[Abstract]:Time is the basic category of our cognition of the world. The study of time concept is first of all about time characteristics. In this respect, philosophy, psychology and cognitive linguistics all connect time with the objective world through human experience of time, so that time has space and event. By the objects in space and space By mapping to the time category, time has acquired the characteristics of direction, irreversibility, persistence and measurability. This thesis is based on the concept of time in the related fields of philosophy and cognitive psychology. In the theoretical framework constructed by conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and metonymy interaction in cognitive linguistics, the concept of time is conceptualized. The main findings include the following aspects:
First, the study of spatial understanding of time shows that the time cognitive model of cognitive linguistics is closely related to the concept of time in philosophy and psychology. In a sense, the theory of philosophy and psychology has laid the theoretical foundation of the cognitive linguistics time cognition model.
From the perspective of philosophical time concept, time is equivalent to existence, especially human existence. Therefore, human body structure can naturally explain the direction of time movement. The movement of time cognitive model, "time in motion" and "self moving", is based on human body direction and position, and philosophy about time movement. It is the same idea.
Cognitive psychology, like cognitive linguistics, looks at the cognitive process of time as a metaphorical process of conceptualization. The understanding of the concept of time is regarded as a person's understanding of the movement of things, so that the concept of time abstracts the characteristics of a concept on a more specific concept. Both time cognition and time representation are not based on time itself. It is based on other related concepts, especially on the basis of movement, space and events. Therefore, time can "come, fly, flow, accelerate, slow down".
Second, Chinese and English linear time thinking metaphorical characterization. We found Chinese and English through the comparison of the time and frequency of Chinese azimuth words "before", "after", "upper", "lower", "lower" and "in front of", "after (behind)", up, down used in time and frequency, through the CCL corpus of the Chinese Linguistics Research Center (CCL) and the British National Corpus (BNC). The characteristics of linear time thinking are as follows:
(1) both Chinese and English use horizontal vocabulary representation time in the direction of front and back. Due to the correspondence between before and after in English and the time and space use of in front of and behind, before and after almost become the prepositions describing the horizontal time of the English secondary school, which is used to represent the frequent use of time, and the frequency is up to 95.6% and 88.4%, and in F. Ront of and behind are mainly used to describe the time representation of spatial.Before and after, which further confirms the universality and dominance of horizontal time thinking in English.
In Chinese, "before" and "after" are the common vocabulary of time and space, but in the CCL corpus, their time usage is much more than space usage, 71% and 67% respectively, indicating that the thinking of horizontal time in Chinese is also very common.
(2) from the corpus language example, "former", "post" and "before", after often do not use the egocentric reference frame and use more time or event reference frame when characterizing the horizontal orientation. Therefore, the time orientation of "front", "post" and "before", and after representation does not necessarily indicate the direction of the future and the past, they are more surface The sequence of time and events.
(3) there are great differences in the vertical linear time thinking representation between Chinese and English. The vocabulary up and down describing spatial orientation in English are mainly space usage in the corpus, and the time usage is extremely rare (the time usage of up and down in the BNC corpus is 0.8%), which proves that the linear time time thinking in English is more horizontal. There is still a vertical time of thinking.
In the vertical time thinking, both English and Chinese represent the past time in the above, and the time of the wood comes below. But when the time movement is involved, the direction of the Chinese time movement is top-down, that is, the Chinese vertical time conception is moving from the past to the future. In the vertical time conception of English, time can be from top to bottom. It can also move from the past to the future, and from the future to the past. When the direction of the movement comes from below, time moves from the future time to the present (for example: A new version of Pride and Prejudice is coming up.); when the moving direction comes from top to bottom, the past time comes from above (for example: The tradi) Tion has passed down to present from Victoria time.).
(4) the level of time thinking in Chinese is much higher than that of vertical time thinking. The time usage of "upper" and "lower" in the CCL corpus also accounts for a certain proportion, respectively 12% and 9.3%, indicating that the vertical time thinking mode is also widely used in Chinese, but the thinking of horizontal time is more common (71% and 67%). In terms of the direction of time, Chinese Vertical time can indicate the direction of time, or indicate the order of time.
Third, the universality of metonymy phenomenon in the timetable. The discussion of the metonymy realization of time conceptualization is an important innovation in this study. Metonymy is a conceptual process (RaddenKovecses, 2006:336). From the metonymy characteristics of human cognition, time cognition is also a conceptual process, metonymy is a kind of time conceptualization. The important way is to realize its own conceptualization through the metonymy connection with space movement, events and other related things. Through investigation, we find that time metonymy mainly includes six types:
(1) time and event metonymy. First, there is an intrinsic metonymy connection between time and event, the occurrence of events, the existence of time and the existence of events. Metonymy is based on the adjacency of the conceptual entity within the category, and people form a complete conceptual framework in the process of experience cognition of various events. The components within the framework also have one. The adjacency characteristics, which often promote metonymy, often promote the occurrence of metonymy (Kovecses, 2005). The metonymy thought produced in the process of cognitive events causes a conceptual connection between time and events, two entities are fused into the same schema, time and event two refer to each other, and time and event metonymy realize the conceptualization of time. Secondly, the metonymy between time and event is also a reference point metonymy. After time and events form a metonymy connection in our cognition, language representation often highlights one of them and implicitly go to the other. As with other types of reference point metonymy, the speaker or listener can activate the time as a reference point to provide an event for the event. A psychological channel or activation event serves as a reference point to provide a psychological channel for time and form an overall schema related to events.
(2) time and space metonymy, including two aspects: one is the use of space distance metonymy time distance. After the concept of time by space, the concept of space time has the concept of space time, the distance in the space can be quantified, the event occurs in a certain space, there is always a beginning and end time, although it can not be quantified by the unit of measuring space distance, but can not be quantified. To describe the time by describing the space distance, for example, in the time of "the time of two earthquakes not far apart", "the distance is not far away" is a space distance narration for time narration. Two is the space distance from the time distance metonymy. Time is more closely connected with the daily activities of human beings. People are more aware of the existence of time and the latent meaning. Knowledge follows the principle of cognitive reduction and turns to time when space distance is more complex. For example, it is easy to remember that "Chongqing to Chengdu has a 3 hour drive", but few people remember how much mileage is between the two places.
(3) metonymy between activity time and activity content. Space time conceptualizations to a container that can hold people and things, activities occupy both space and time, so one time also contains the content of activities in this period, such as "30 minutes" in "morning reading for 30 minutes" like an inclusive utensil. Reading activities.
(4) time concept and time concept metonymy. A period of time or a period with marked characteristics, such as spring warm moist, autumn grass and trees yellow, sky high cloud light, summer heat, winter cold and so on, these characteristics are commonly used to metonymy for some time (category or concept) with these characteristics.
(5) part time and whole time metonymy. A whole time is composed of different time periods, so the part of the whole time, such as a year, includes four seasons, months, days, hours and so on, often used to metonymy for a certain time.
(6) metonymy of the concept of object and time. The time concept used by human beings is the concept of physical representation time. The connection between them is the embodiment of time metonymy thinking. In a certain context, the objects used in the timing are metonymy in the common cognitive framework of the two parties, or the conceptual metonymy of time.
Fourth, metonymy interaction exists in time conceptualization. Metaphorical and metonymy characterizations in time conceptualization do not both have distinct boundaries. The category boundary between them has the same class of membership and category boundary fuzziness as other natural categories. Therefore, metaphor and metonymy sometimes form a continuum for time. It includes three cases:
(1) metonymy semantics and metaphorical semantics continue to occur. A specific temporal word first leads to metonymy, which leads to metaphorical Association and semantic extension.
(2) metonymy and metonymy semantics occur simultaneously. The two semantics of metonymy continuum occur simultaneously. The respective paths of metonymy point to a time vocabulary and produce compound semantics.
(3) metaphorical and metonymy semantic alternations occur alternately. The alternation of semantics is derived from the conceptualization of time construal. When understanding a time vocabulary or phrase, metaphor and metonymy are needed, but the two cognitive means are used successively, which can first be metaphorical and metonymy, and then metaphorical and then metaphorical, which produces a semantic alternation.
On the basis of previous studies, this study seeks to make innovations in methods and contents. It not only borrows from previous research results, such as the experimental and linguistic observation of time metaphorical thinking in Chinese and English, but also attempts to find out the neglected aspects in the study of time cognition, such as the corpus of Chinese and English time metaphorical representation. The metonymy study of time conceptions, cognitive metonymy (metaphtonymy), and so on. It has made useful progress in enriching the research of time conceptual representation and making up for the lack of time lexical semantics.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H030

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