本文選題：偏誤分析 + 高頻��； 參考：《上海交通大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：漢字——作為世界四大古文字之中惟一一個(gè)流轉(zhuǎn)至今卻保持鮮活的文字，其文字量和詞匯量都非常龐大。并且由于漢字形、音、義三位結(jié)合的特點(diǎn)，留學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)作為第二語(yǔ)言的時(shí)候，普遍感覺(jué)到漢字和詞語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的困難。高頻字詞的研究能夠幫助留學(xué)生更快更好地走進(jìn)并熟悉漢語(yǔ)世界。中國(guó)人日常使用頻度最高的覆蓋率高達(dá)50%的共計(jì)587個(gè)字詞。準(zhǔn)確快速地掌握這587個(gè)字詞（其中包括漢字偏誤226項(xiàng)和詞語(yǔ)偏誤361項(xiàng)）是留學(xué)生快速高效學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)的通道，而研究留學(xué)生使用這587項(xiàng)字詞的偏誤情況則是打開(kāi)這個(gè)通道的最佳鑰匙。 漢字偏誤指漢字書(shū)寫(xiě)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的與目標(biāo)漢字字形和使用所不符的情況。詞語(yǔ)偏誤是指詞語(yǔ)在使用過(guò)程中與目標(biāo)詞語(yǔ)用法不符的情況。字詞偏誤都可歸類(lèi)為錯(cuò)、漏、多三大類(lèi)。具體而言，漢字偏誤可以細(xì)化為錯(cuò)字、別字、漏字、多字四個(gè)類(lèi)別。而詞語(yǔ)偏誤可以細(xì)化為錯(cuò)詞、漏詞、多詞三大類(lèi)。在錯(cuò)、漏、多三大偏誤類(lèi)別中，占比最多的是錯(cuò)誤使用，其占比高達(dá)87%，也就是說(shuō)在留學(xué)生使用漢語(yǔ)高頻字詞的時(shí)候，將目標(biāo)字詞錯(cuò)誤使用成其他字詞的情況最為嚴(yán)重。 漢字偏誤共計(jì)226項(xiàng)。偏誤中錯(cuò)字?jǐn)?shù)和別字?jǐn)?shù)占比最高，，總計(jì)占比錯(cuò)誤率的近93%，是留學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤頻發(fā)的焦點(diǎn)。而漢字偏誤又和筆畫(huà)及部件緊密相關(guān)。從筆畫(huà)角度看，高頻漢字的筆畫(huà)數(shù)主要集中在4~6和7~9兩個(gè)區(qū)間，各筆畫(huà)區(qū)間的偏誤率與高頻漢字筆畫(huà)數(shù)成正比，即偏誤集中于4~6和7~9兩個(gè)區(qū)間。從部件角度看，漢字項(xiàng)半數(shù)以上集中于兩個(gè)部件的組合。 詞語(yǔ)偏誤總項(xiàng)共計(jì)361項(xiàng)。其中錯(cuò)詞數(shù)占總誤詞數(shù)比例最高，為69.45%，是留學(xué)生詞匯錯(cuò)誤頻發(fā)的焦點(diǎn)區(qū)域，需要教學(xué)者、學(xué)習(xí)者和研究者的高度重視。按照詞性將詞匯偏誤情況作進(jìn)一步分類(lèi)統(tǒng)計(jì)，實(shí)詞的項(xiàng)數(shù)為323項(xiàng)，占比85.68%。虛詞的項(xiàng)數(shù)為54項(xiàng)，占比14.32%，高頻字詞中實(shí)詞的項(xiàng)數(shù)遠(yuǎn)多于虛詞。從總體偏誤情況看，實(shí)詞中誤詞占比最高的三項(xiàng)依次為動(dòng)詞、名詞、代詞；虛詞中誤詞占比最高的三項(xiàng)依次為連詞、副詞、介詞。 從偏誤類(lèi)別看，高頻核心漢字的偏誤原因可以歸結(jié)為因筆畫(huà)問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致的偏誤、因部件問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致的偏誤、因結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致的偏誤和因整字問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致的偏誤等四個(gè)類(lèi)別。高頻核心詞語(yǔ)的偏誤類(lèi)別可以歸為詞語(yǔ)拆解、同字組詞、義近誤用、搭配錯(cuò)誤、理解方向錯(cuò)誤和其他等六大類(lèi)偏誤。兩者的偏誤原因都可以歸結(jié)為四個(gè)方面，即漢語(yǔ)本身的特殊性和復(fù)雜性、學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度和策略的選擇、母語(yǔ)遷移因素以及目前對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)的不足等。
[Abstract]:Chinese characters, the only of the four ancient characters in the world, are still alive. Because of the combination of Chinese character form, sound and meaning, foreign students generally feel the difficulty of learning Chinese characters and words when learning Chinese as a second language. The study of high-frequency words can help foreign students to enter the world of Chinese faster and better. Chinese daily use of the highest frequency of coverage of up to 50% of a total of 587 words. Accurate and rapid mastery of these 587 words (including 226 errors in Chinese characters and 361 items in errors of words) is a channel for foreign students to learn Chinese quickly and efficiently. The errors in the use of these 587 words by foreign students are the best key to the passage. The error of Chinese character refers to the situation which is inconsistent with the form and use of the target Chinese character in the process of writing Chinese characters. Word bias refers to the situation in which the words are not in accordance with the usage of the target words. Word errors can be classified as errors, omissions, more than three categories. Specifically, Chinese character error can be classified into four categories: wrong character, other word, missing word and multi word. Word errors can be classified into three categories: wrong words, missing words and multi-words. In the category of error, omission and error, the largest proportion is wrong use, and the proportion is as high as 87. That is to say, when the foreign students use Chinese high-frequency words, the situation of using target words as other words is the most serious. The number of errors in Chinese characters is 226. Among the errors, the number of wrong words and the number of other words are the highest, and the total error rate is about 93%, which is the focus of foreign students' error frequency. And Chinese character bias and stroke and parts are closely related. From the stroke point of view, the number of strokes in high frequency Chinese characters is mainly concentrated in the two sections of 4Q6 and 7Q9, and the error rate of each stroke interval is proportional to the number of strokes of high frequency Chinese characters, that is, the errors are concentrated in the two intervals of 4Q6 and 7Q9. From the point of view of components, more than half of Chinese characters are concentrated on the combination of two components. The total number of errors in words is 361. Among them, the number of wrong words has the highest proportion in the total number of wrong words, which is 69.45, which is the focus area of the frequent occurrence of vocabulary errors of foreign students, and needs the attention of teachers, learners and researchers. According to the part of speech, the lexical errors are further classified and counted. The number of the items of the actual words is 323, accounting for 85.68%. The number of function words is 54, accounting for 14.32, and the number of notional words in high frequency words is much more than that of function words. According to the general errors, the three items which account for the highest proportion of notional words are verbs, nouns and pronouns in turn, and the three items with the highest proportion in function words are conjunctions, adverbs and prepositions. From the perspective of the category of errors, the causes of the errors of high frequency core Chinese characters can be attributed to the errors caused by stroke problems, by components problems, by structural problems and by the whole character problems. The category of errors of high frequency core words can be classified as six kinds of errors, such as word disassembly, synonym, near misuse of meaning, collocation error, misdirection of understanding and other kinds of errors. The reasons for both errors can be attributed to four aspects, namely, the particularity and complexity of Chinese itself, the choice of students' learning attitude and strategies, the factors of mother tongue transfer and the deficiency of teaching Chinese as a foreign language at present.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：H195

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