本文選題：拒絕言語策略　切入點：禮貌　出處：《東北師范大學》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：拒絕言語行為我們在日常生活中經常會遇到。要得體地實施這種“威脅面子行為”，拒絕者往往會謹慎地采用各種策略，，使其言行更禮貌，盡可能地減少對對方面子的損害。漢語和西班牙語拒絕語策略在種類上存在著極高的相似性。然而，中國人和西班牙人在實施拒絕言語行為時，由于語言和文化背景的差異，往往會選用不同的拒絕策略，由此可能引起雙方的迷惑和誤解，導致交際不順暢。以往對漢語拒絕言語行為的研究十分有限，而從漢語和西班牙語對比的角度進行的研究也尚無記錄。 本研究在對中國受試和西班牙受試進行語篇補全測試(DCT)的基礎上，從表層和深層兩方面描述和歸納了日常生活語境下兩種語言針對請求言語行為的真實拒絕言語策略表現(xiàn)方式的異同，并對影響雙方拒絕策略選擇的主要因素進行了解釋。參與問卷調查的受試共84人：其中漢語受試48人，西班牙語受試36人，男女各半。每份問卷設計了12個情景，讓受試根據(jù)實際情況寫出拒絕語。收回有效問卷84份，有效題目共1004道。實驗數(shù)據(jù)用excel軟件進行了統(tǒng)計和分析，得出以下結論： （1）漢語拒絕語和西班牙語拒絕語無論在表層形式策略上還是深層語用策略上都有著相似的分類。在表層形式上都采用了引語，并運用了相似的詞匯和句法手段；在深層語用策略上兩者都使用了直接拒絕和道歉、說明理由等13種間接策略（漢語在感謝策略上缺項）。 （2）西班牙人使用直接拒絕策略的頻率比中國人高。但總體來說，中國人和西班牙人在拒絕時都傾向于使用間接策略，且在不同情景下兩者對策略的選擇和組合模式都存在著差異。比如中國人最習慣用“道歉+理由/借口”的方式拒絕請求者；而西班牙人最習慣用“只說明理由/借口”或再加上“直接拒絕”的方式。中國人習慣在拒絕語中使用建議其他方案、商量、移情等多種策略試圖彌補對方的面子；而西班牙人使用策略較單一，在拒絕策略的選用上毫“不枝蔓”。同樣是“說明理由”，西班牙人多談及自身的感受或利益，中國人則更側重為對方考慮。 （3）中西拒絕者都對好友的禮貌程度最高，其次是陌生人、同事，最后是親人。社會距離因素和請求行為的難易程度對西班牙人影響顯著，對中國人的影響不明顯。社會地位是中國人實施拒絕言語行為時最重要的考慮因素。中國人更注重維護位高者的面子。情感因素對西班牙人和中國人拒絕策略的選擇都產生了重要的影響。人們對待喜歡的人比厭惡的人更禮貌。性別因素的影響主要體現(xiàn)在女性比男性更有禮貌，使用策略的種類和頻數(shù)都比男性多。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，女人比男人更重視親人、更關心地位低的人和陌生人，而男人比女人更重視朋友和同事關系的維護。 本文參考的理論框架包括言語行為理論、合作原則、禮貌原則和面子理論。我們希望本文的研究結果能為今后漢語拒絕言語行為的研究、對外漢語教學及跨文化交際提供一些幫助。
[Abstract]:The speech act of refusal we often encounter in their daily lives. The appropriate implementation of this "face threatening act", to tend carefully using a variety of strategies to make it more polite words and deeds, as far as possible to reduce the damage to the other face. Chinese and Spanish refusal strategy exists high similarity in species however, Chinese and Spaniards in the implementation of the speech act of refusal, due to the differences in language and culture background, often can choose different refusal strategies, which may cause the confusion and misunderstanding in communication is not smooth. The previous researches on Chinese refusal speech act is very limited, and research from the comparison of Chinese and Spanish the angle of no record.
On the China subjects and Spanish subjects of discourse completion test (DCT) on the basis of the description and summed up two kinds of language in the context of daily life in the speech act of request real speech strategy style refused to similarities and differences from the two aspects of surface and deep, and the main factors affecting both sides refused to choose strategy for the explanation of the subjects involved in the survey. A total of 84 people including 48 subjects: Chinese, Spanish subjects 36 people, half male and half female. Each questionnaire designed 12 scenarios and were asked to write refusals according to the actual situation. To recover the 84 valid questionnaires, a total of 1004 valid items of experimental data. Statistical analysis was conducted using Excel software, draw the following conclusions:
(1) Chinese refusal and Spanish refusal in surface form strategies or deep pragmatic strategies are similar. The classification of speech are used in surface form, and uses a similar lexical and syntactic means; pragmatic strategies in the deep on both direct and refused to apologize, explain the reasons for 13 kinds of indirect strategies (in Chinese for lack of strategy).
(2) the use of direct refusal strategies than high frequency Chinese. But generally speaking, Chinese and Spanish to tend to use indirect strategy, and both in different scenarios of strategy selection and combination mode are different. For example, Chinese most idiomatic "apology + excuse" the way to reject the request; and the Spaniards used "only the reasons / excuses or" plus "direct refusal". Chinese used to suggest other options, in the refusal in the discussion, empathy, various strategies such as trying to make up for each other's face; and the Spanish strategy is single, in refusal strategies use the "branches". It is also the "explanation", the more talked about their own feelings or interests, Chinese is more focused on consideration for each other.
(3) to all friends of the Western Politeness degree is the highest, followed by strangers, colleagues, relatives finally. Effects of the degree of difficulty of social distance factors and requests about Spaniards significantly influence on the Chinese is not obvious. The social status is the most important consideration Chinese implementation of refusal speech act. Chinese people pay more attention to the maintenance of a high face. Emotional factors have significant impact on the Spanish and Chinese refusal strategy choice. People treat love people more polite than hated people. Gender influence is mainly reflected in women than men with type and frequency more polite strategies are more than men we also found that women pay more attention to family than men, are more concerned about the low status of people and strangers, and more men than women attaches great importance to the protection of friends and colleagues.
The theoretical framework of this paper includes speech act theory, cooperative principle, politeness principle and face theory. We hope that the results of this study can provide some help for the future research of Chinese refusal speech act, teaching Chinese as a foreign language and intercultural communication.

【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H13;H34

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