本文選題：被動式　切入點：北京話　出處：《首都師范大學》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：本文以18世紀中葉到20世紀末文藝文體中的北京話書面語文本語料為基礎,運用統(tǒng)計學的研究方法對北京話被動式作語言學本體研究。同時,我們運用生命周期理論、語言經(jīng)濟原則、原型范疇理論和家族相似性理論作為語言學本體研究的理論支持。 本文在收集整理近三百年北京話被動式語料基礎上,運用數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計法從外部分析北京話五個帶被動標記詞的被動式的生命周期和專職化傾向,從內(nèi)部分析北京話常規(guī)被動式和特殊被動式的句型分類及發(fā)展規(guī)律。 第二章根據(jù)被動標記詞的不同及其在不同階段的使用數(shù)量,從共時和歷時角度分析北京話不同標記詞被動式近三百年興衰發(fā)展的生命周期：“被”字絕對優(yōu)勢地位從未動搖,它與“給”字均在20世紀80年代后期-90年代迎來鼎盛期,未來發(fā)展勢頭強勁；“讓”字盛于20世紀70年代末-80年代,呈現(xiàn)出暫時下滑的態(tài)勢,未來還有發(fā)展的空間；“叫”字20世紀70年代末-80年代達到頂峰后,衰落態(tài)勢明顯�！敖獭弊�20世紀20年代-40年代發(fā)展到頂峰后迅速衰亡,只活在個別人的個別作品中�！敖小薄ⅰ敖o”、“讓”和“教”字被動式的興衰表現(xiàn)出“早出現(xiàn)早衰亡”的發(fā)展規(guī)律。 北京話不同標記詞被動式也表現(xiàn)出較為鮮明的專職化傾向,我們在第三章從文體、語體、語義色彩和被動標記詞詞義的獨立性角度作了分析。北京話被動式文體專職化傾向表征明顯,“被”、“給”、“教”字被動式偏重文學文體,“讓”字被動式傾向藝術文體,“叫”字被動式表現(xiàn)出藝術文體向文學文體的轉向。北京話被動式語體專職化表現(xiàn)出典型語體表達方式對于次類語體傾向的影響力,同時,在與文體的對應中表現(xiàn)出語體的主導性。此外,通過對語料的整理和統(tǒng)計,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)北京話被動式不分文體和語體地以貶義語義感情色彩為主,且以受事者立場表達為主,據(jù)此,我們重新為被動式的語法意義作了規(guī)定,認為,被動式共性的句法意義是：敘事者對事件親歷者其所經(jīng)歷的出乎其意料的事件的主觀表達；被動式的核心語法意義是敘事者站在受事者立場對其所經(jīng)歷的出乎其意料的不幸或不如意事件的主觀表達。 我們根據(jù)被動式的句式特點和語義的被動表達把北京話被動式分成兩大類：常規(guī)被動式和特殊被動式。第四章和第五章分別對常規(guī)被動式和特殊被動式作句型分類研究和句型發(fā)展規(guī)律的分析。常規(guī)被動式：1)以“被”字被動句型為主。2)“被”字被動式句型最為多樣,“給”字被動式句型最少。3)“被”字被動式以“pm+NP”句型為主,“給”字被動式以“pm+VP”句型為主,二十世紀七八十年代后這種格局均受到挑戰(zhàn)。“叫”、“教”、“讓’字被動句型只有“pm+NP”句型。4)單個動詞作謂語、動賓結構作謂語和動補結構作謂語的被動句型數(shù)量最多,是北京話被動式的核心被動句型,生命力遠遠高于其他被動句型。同一被動句型內(nèi)部,以核心語法功能進入的句型分支生命力更持久。特殊被動式：1)18世紀中葉以后已衰落少見,近三百年來尚存的特殊被動式數(shù)量很少,其中以“被”字被動式為主,“叫”字其次。2)“給”字是唯一沒有特殊被動句型的被動式。3)特殊被動式在20世紀40年代后集體消亡。 北京話被動句型的興衰發(fā)展表現(xiàn)出以下規(guī)律：1)不同標記詞的同一被動句型遵循“早出現(xiàn)早衰亡”的規(guī)律；2)核心句型和以核心語法功能進入的被動句型生命力更旺盛；3)核心句型出現(xiàn)早于非核心句型,非核心句型衰落早于核心句型,核心句型和非核心句型間體現(xiàn)出“晚出現(xiàn)早衰亡”的規(guī)律。這其中,漢語普通話規(guī)范化的影響力、語言經(jīng)濟原則、原型范疇理論和家族相似性起到直接的作用。
[Abstract]:In the mid eighteenth Century to the end of the twentieth Century literary style of Beijing dialect in the written language of the corpus based, uses statistical research methods for Linguistics Research on Beijing passive words. At the same time, we use the life cycle theory, economic principle, prototype theory and family resemblance theory as the theoretical support of linguistics.
This paper collected nearly three hundred years of Beijing dialect passive based on corpus, using the statistical method of data from the external analysis of Beijing five with passive marker passive life cycle and professional tendency, from the internal analysis of Beijing dialect and conventional passive passive sentence classification and special law of development.
The second chapter according to the passive marker and the number of different in different stages, from synchronic and diachronic perspective of the rise and fall of Beijing in the past three hundred years different marker passive life cycle: the "Bei" dominance has never wavered, and "Gei" in late 1980s -90 ushered in the peak period, the future of the strong momentum of development; "let" Sheng in late 1970s -80 years, showing a temporary decline in the situation, and the future development of space; "call" at the end of 1970s -80 years after the peak, the decline trend is obvious. "Teaching" in 1920s -40 reached its peak after the rapid decline, only live in a other people's individual works. "Call", "to", "let" and "the rise and fall of teaching" passive show "development law first appeared early decline".
Beijing dialect is different passive marker also showed a distinct tendency of specialization, we in the third chapter, from the perspective of independence style, style, color and word semantic passive markers are analyzed. The Beijing dialect passive style full-time tendency obvious characteristics, "", "", "teaching" on the passive the literary style, "let" passive tendency of artistic style, "called" passive art style to show to the literary style. Beijing style full-time showed typical passive style expression influence, for such stylistic tendencies in style and at the same time, the corresponding exhibit dominant style. In addition, based on the corpus and statistics, we found that the Beijing dialect is not divided into passive style and style with derogatory semantic emotional, and the patient's stance, accordingly, we are again Type the grammatical meaning of the rules, that is the common passive syntactic meaning: the narrator to witness the event it has to express their subjective expectations of events; core grammatical meaning is the narrator standing in the passive position of the patient experience beyond their expectations of the subjective expression of misfortune or not the best of events.
We take the Beijing dialect is divided into two categories according to the passive passive sentence features and semantic expression of passive: conventional passive and passive. Special analysis of the fourth chapter and the fifth chapter sentence classification research and development rules of conventional passive sentence and special passive. Conventional passive: 1) to the "Bei" passive sentence patterns.2) the word "Bei" passive sentence the most diverse, "Gei" passive sentence at least.3) "is" the word "pm+NP" passive sentence patterns, "to" passive "pm+VP" pattern, this pattern was challenged in twentieth Century after 70s and 80s. "Call", "teaching", "let 'word the passive sentence only" pm+NP ".4) single verb predicate, verb object structure and the quantity of passive constructions as a predicate and verb complement structure predicate is the most passive sentence of Beijing dialect passive core, life The force is much higher than other passive sentences. Within the same passive sentence, sentence to grammatical functions into the core branch of vitality is more durable. Special passive: 1) after the mid eighteenth Century has declined the number of rare, special passive in recent three hundred years are very few, which is "the word" called "passive, followed by.2)" Gei "is not only the special sentence passive passive.3) in 1940s after the demise of the collective special passive.
The rise and fall of Beijing dialect passive sentence show the following rules: 1) different marking words of the same passive sentence follow the "first appeared as early as the decline" of the law; 2) core sentence and the core grammar function into passive sentences more vigorous vitality; 3) core sentence appears earlier than non core sentence, non core sentence fading as early as the core sentence, sentence core and non core patterns reflect the "late early decline" of the law. Among these, mandarin standard influence, language economy principle, prototype theory and family resemblance play a direct role.

【學位授予單位】：首都師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H172.1

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