本文關鍵詞： 語用策略 博弈論 效用和收益 最優(yōu)選擇　出處：《山西大學》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：語用策略是交際者達到自己交際目的的有效手段。Verschueren認為話語中的策略是在意義產生過程中起連接顯性含義和隱含義的作用。關于語用策略的研究主要分布在不同的領域,如外語教學,商務談判,外交事務和日常會話等等。這些研究都是從語用學的一些理論角度來分析特定語境中的策略特點。而本文將博弈理論思想引入對話語的分析。本文以語料為基礎,運用博弈論中的策略思維來分析一些場合中的漢語會話策略的選擇,主要采用定性的研究方法。 運用博弈思維來分析話語中的策略主要是研究選擇以及選擇的最優(yōu)性問題。面對一個問題,回答者有很多回答可以選擇,我們稱之為策略集�；卮鹫咭罁�(jù)會話時的語境,說話者本人的目的,預期效用,對方的反應,權勢地位等因素,對這些策略進行選擇,同時結合對方可能進行的選擇來做出效用的權衡。最終是基于對方的可能選擇和自身的效用或收益而進行選擇。作為博弈中最為重要的因素之一,策略在會話中的分析運用能科學合理幫助會話雙方進行收益權衡,這也是本文的創(chuàng)新之處。 文章全面的闡述了會話中最為典型的一些策略,包括直接和間接策略。直接策略闡明最常見最有效的兩種方式：直接打斷和直接拒絕。這兩種方式是在一定的語境中使用相對較多的策略。例如在一些外交場合,直接策略能夠準確地表達交際者的意圖和目的,能夠表達自己鮮明的立場,不會模棱兩可更不會產生歧義。 間接策略則分為委婉,模糊,修辭,自貶,歧義,故意曲解和轉移話題。在語料基礎上,文章分析了在特定語境形勢下會話雙力如進行博弈并選擇最優(yōu)策略從而使收益最高。由于交際過程中交際目的的不一致,導致交際會有一些“沖突”,因此間接策略才會被交際者頻繁采用。盡管間接策略有時不一定會被交際者識別其隱含的真正意圖,但是作為表達交際意圖的有效交際手段,間接策略仍然是廣泛被采用的策略。 出于各種原因,交際者常常會采用間接策略。例如間接拒絕,避免使用否定詞以減緩直接拒絕所帶來的“沖擊”。間接拒絕可以采用的策略有：歧義,故意曲解,修辭,回避以及模糊等等。間接策略不同于直接策略,它在漢語交際中使用的頻率較大。由于中國文化及中國人的含蓄特點,漢語交際有一個明顯區(qū)別于英語交際的特點：模糊性。中國人表達自己的目的通常不會很直白的說出來,而是采用含蓄的方式用漢語的隱含意思來表達。但是在具體的語境中,由于交際目的的沖突性,交際雙方也在進行著語言博弈,通過對語境的把握和判斷以及交際雙方的博弈,交際者采用最優(yōu)的方式來達到其最多的收益。 文章還闡述了語用策略的功能。語用策略的使用提高了話語的效用,讓話語更有力的表達出說話者的意圖,并且有助于達到會話雙方策略的最優(yōu)性。語用策略的使用,常常會帶給人們幽默的效果,使得會話更融洽有效的進行。由于中國文化強調含蓄之美,語言也不可避免有著這一特點。在實際交往中,會話雙方為了禮貌、保全面子、避免尷尬,常常會使用一些修辭,模糊,歧義等語用策略以求更好的達到交際的目的。
[Abstract]:Pragmatic strategy is.Verschueren effective communicators to achieve their communicative purpose in discourse strategy is generated between explicit meaning and implicit meaning of the role in the process of significance. Research on pragmatic strategies mainly distributed in different areas, such as language teaching, business negotiation, foreign affairs and daily conversation and so on. These studies are to analyze the characteristics of strategy in a specific context from the perspective of pragmatics theory. The game theory is introduced into the analysis of discourse. This paper is based on the corpus, using the thinking strategy in game theory to analyze Chinese Conversational Strategies in some occasions in the selection, mainly adopts qualitative research methods.
Application of game theory in strategy mainly solves the problem of optimality. Faced with a problem, there are many respondents can choose to answer, we call the strategy set. Answer according to conversation context, the speaker himself, with the expected effect, the reaction of the other side, power factor so, the selection of these strategies, combined with other possible weighing options to make the utility. Finally is based on each other and may choose their own utility or benefits to choose. As the most important factor in the game, strategy analysis in the session can use scientific and reasonable income to help the two sides of the conversation the trade-off, which is the innovation of this paper.
This paper describes some of the most typical strategy in the session, including direct and indirect strategies. The most common and most effective strategies directly illustrates two ways: direct interruption and direct refusal. The two way is to use more strategies in certain contexts. For example in some diplomatic occasions, the direct method can accurately the expression of the communicator's intention and purpose, to express their distinct position, not more ready to accept either course avoiding ambiguity.
Indirect strategies include euphemism, fuzzy rhetoric, self deprecating, ambiguity, deliberate misinterpretation and transferring topics in the corpus. On the basis of the analysis in the context of situation such as game and double session to choose the optimal strategy so that the highest income. Because the communicative purpose in the process of communication is not the same, will lead to communication there are some "conflict", so the strategy will be indirect communication. Despite the frequent use of indirect strategies sometimes will not necessarily be communicative recognition the implied true intentions, but as an expression of effective means of communication communication intention, indirect strategy is still widely used.
For various reasons, people often use indirect strategy. For example, indirect refusal, avoid using negative words to reduce direct refusal caused by "shock". The indirect methods can be used: ambiguity, deliberate misinterpretation, rhetoric, and so on. The indirect fuzzy avoidance strategy is different from the direct strategies are more frequently used in Chinese communication. Due to the implicit characteristics of China culture and Chinese, Chinese communication has a significantly different from English communicative features: fuzziness. Chinese express their purpose is usually not very straightforward to say, which is the implicit way with Chinese implied expression. But in the specific context because of the conflict, communication, communication between the two sides in the game through the game of language, context and grasp the judgment and communication of both communicators using the optimal way. To its maximum benefit.
The paper also elaborates on the pragmatic strategies. Use of pragmatic strategies to improve the effectiveness of discourse, let the words expressing the speaker's intention is more powerful, the optimality and contribute to both sides of the conversation. The strategy to achieve the use of pragmatic strategies, often bring people the effect of humor, makes the conversation more harmonious and effective because. China culture emphasizes subtle beauty, language inevitably has this feature. In actual intercourse, both sides of the conversation in order to save face, politeness, to avoid embarrassment, often use some rhetoric, fuzzy, ambiguity and pragmatic strategies in order to better achieve the purpose of communication.

【學位授予單位】：山西大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H13

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 董明;談“語言博弈”中否定的使用[J];北京師范大學學報(社會科學版);1995年06期

2 周群強;李晶;;會話中的語用策略[J];長春理工大學學報(高教版);2010年01期

3 李明菲;許之所;;動態(tài)語境中的博弈[J];理論月刊;2006年12期

4 劉煥輝;從修辭學到言語交際學[J];南昌大學學報(人文社會科學版);1989年03期

5 劉森林;語用策略與標準會話隱含義[J];外語學刊;2004年03期

6 范連義;;維特根斯坦后期哲學思想中的語用蘊涵[J];外語學刊;2008年05期

7 向明友;夏登山;;博弈語用學述評[J];山東外語教學;2011年04期

8 劉森林;語用策略與言語行為[J];外語教學;2003年03期

9 李明菲;許之所;;語言博弈及會話策略的調整[J];武漢理工大學學報(社會科學版);2006年05期

10 何自然,申智奇;刻意曲解的語用研究[J];外語教學與研究;2004年03期

相關博士學位論文 前2條

1 吳亞欣;語用含糊——漢語言語交際中的策略[D];廣東外語外貿大學;2002年

2 吳炳章;交際博弈論[D];河南大學;2009年

相關碩士學位論文 前2條

1 何磊;“目的原則”下的中文求職面試會話分析[D];華中師范大學;2011年

2 朱靜云;言語交際的博弈論闡釋[D];武漢科技大學;2008年

，

本文編號：1483380