本文選題：施通格語言　切入點：主賓格語言　出處：《曲阜師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：語態(tài)是一種語法范疇。句子語義可以以不同的語態(tài)表現(xiàn),從而突出句子的重點。語態(tài)中,被動一直是語言學(xué)界關(guān)注的課題,尤其是被動的句法表現(xiàn)形式。由于不同的語序和語法規(guī)則,世界語言的被動態(tài)有不同的表現(xiàn)形式。學(xué)者們探討最多的是被動態(tài)的語義研究,這是被動態(tài)的最基本和最傳統(tǒng)的視角,包括對主動態(tài)與被動態(tài)的對比分析,其中對被動范疇在不同語言系統(tǒng)中的研究相對薄弱。漢語中的相關(guān)研究主要停留在對漢語中被動范疇的施通格配置的淺層研究,而英語的被動范疇中的格配置問題則沒有很系統(tǒng)化的研究。以往研究尚未對格配置問題進行清晰、明確的分析與總結(jié),進而分析個別語言的特征,從而提供一個更廣闊的研究范圍。因此,從類型學(xué)的視角去探究英漢被動范疇中的格配置問題是十分必要的。施通格配置在英漢被動范疇中的發(fā)現(xiàn),使得英漢被動范疇中特殊結(jié)構(gòu)合乎語法規(guī)則。在類型學(xué)視角下探討世界語言中被動范疇的表現(xiàn)形式,進而研究英漢被動范疇中格配置的共性與差異,尋求語言中的共性,為被動范疇的研究提供了新的視角。本文首先介紹了世界語言以及主賓格語言和施通格語言中被動范疇的表現(xiàn)形式;進而總結(jié)英漢被動范疇的句法表現(xiàn),解釋兩者的共性與個性;最后從英漢的被動范疇入手,分析兩種語言被動范疇中的施通格配置,進而分析其語言現(xiàn)象的影響因素,與施通格語言所結(jié)合,發(fā)現(xiàn)世界語言的共性與個性。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)如下:1)目前語言學(xué)家認同在施通格語言中有主賓格配置,英語和漢語同樣也有施通格配置。但是這種分裂格配置對動詞有語義要求。雖然英漢語言存在共性,但在類似施通格配置的被動句中,動詞的語義有所差異。漢語施通格動詞語義傾向于“狀態(tài)的改變”,“心理變化”,“動詞形容詞共存”以及“自我變化”。英語則傾向于“狀態(tài)的改變”,“增加減少”,“創(chuàng)造”和“表始動詞”。2)對于英漢語言中施通格配置的研究,國內(nèi)少數(shù)學(xué)者對其進行了分析解釋。例如呂叔湘(1978),金立鑫(2014)等。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本文對英漢語中特殊句式進行了再分析,對其句法表現(xiàn)形式從格標記的視角進行了解讀。認為,英漢語的中動結(jié)構(gòu)是主賓格語言中有施通格配置的典型代表。其中“勝”和“敗”的研究較為突出,對于二者的解釋應(yīng)從其本身的語義出發(fā)。這與黃正德的非賓格假說不盡相同。英語中,與之相對應(yīng)的是“NP+V+ADV”中動結(jié)構(gòu)。3)英漢施通格現(xiàn)象在句法和語義上存在共性和差異。語義方面相同點:英漢施格動詞的語義指向是賓語,不是主語;施格動詞結(jié)構(gòu)所描述的事件通常都是完整且有終結(jié)點;受事自身狀態(tài)會發(fā)生改變。差異:漢語中“了”,“已/已經(jīng)”,“過”以及英語中“already”都表示時間的終結(jié)。但是在漢語中,“已/已經(jīng)”可以與其他時態(tài)標志連用。省略“已/已經(jīng)”,句子意思也不會發(fā)生變化。英語中,時態(tài)標志只是語素,不能夠獨立出現(xiàn),只能和完成時態(tài)共存,即have+ed.Already不可以單獨使用,只有在完成時態(tài)下才可以一同使用。與英語相比,漢語時態(tài)的表達更隨意一些。句法方面相同點:英漢的施格動詞從及物句轉(zhuǎn)化為不及物句的地位與特征相同。即在及物句為二元謂詞,轉(zhuǎn)化為施格動詞后轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐辉^詞;在時體態(tài)方面,通常采用過去時和完成體。差異:構(gòu)成英語施格動詞的詞綴具有多樣性,而在漢語中則較為單一。本研究具有語言類型學(xué)和普通語言學(xué)的理論意義。一方面,對主賓格語言和施通格語言被動范疇的句法表現(xiàn)形式的列舉,可以更清晰的了解語言在被動表現(xiàn)方式上的異同點,進一步為世界語言中被動范疇的研究提供了啟示和借鑒。另一方面,對于頗受語言學(xué)家關(guān)注的格配置問題也有了更深層次的探索與研究。本研究也具有一定的應(yīng)用價值,英漢被動范疇中的格配置問題為漢語和英語教學(xué)等領(lǐng)域提供了一些理論指導(dǎo)。
[Abstract]:Voice is a grammatical category. The sentence semantic can express different voice, thus highlighting the key sentences in passive voice. That has been the language of academic concern, especially passive syntactic forms. Due to different word order and grammar rules, the passive state of world languages have different forms. The scholars study the most is the semantic study of dynamic, this is the most basic and traditional dynamic perspective, including the main dynamic contrast by dynamic analysis, the research in different language system in passive category is relatively weak. The related research in Chinese is mainly focus on the research of shallow tongge configuration application on passive category in Chinese, while the lattice configuration problem passive category in English study is not the very system. Previous studies have yet to lattice configuration problems clearly, analysis and summary and analysis clear. The characteristics of individual language, thus providing a wider range of research. Therefore, to explore the lattice configuration problem in the field of English and Chinese passive type from the perspective is very necessary. Shi Tong lattice configuration found in English and Chinese passive in the category, the special structure of English and Chinese passive in the category of grammatical rules. To explore the form of passive the category of the world's languages in typology, and study the similarities and differences between English and Chinese passive lattice configuration category, for the language universals, study provides a new perspective for the passive category. This paper first introduces the language of the world and the guest language and Application form through the lattice lattice passive category in language; syntax and then summarize the performance of English and Chinese passive category, explain the commonness and individuality; finally from the passive category of Chinese and English language, analysis of two kinds of passive in the category of Shi Tong lattice configuration, and divided into Influence factors analysis of the phenomenon of language, and through the combination of the case found the commonness and individuality of language, the language of the world. The research findings are as follows: 1) the linguist identity in Shi Tong are the main object configuration ergative languages, English and Chinese have also applied through lattice configuration. But the semantic requirements of splitting lattice configuration although English and Chinese verbs. There are general, but similar in Shi Tong lattice configuration of passive sentences, verb semantic difference. Chinese Shi Tong lattice of verb semantics tend to "change of state", "psychological changes", "verb adjective coexistence" and "self change". English tend to be "state change", "increase decrease", "creation" and "inchoative") for the study of.2 in English and Chinese language application through lattice configuration, a few domestic scholars analyzed the explanation. For example Lv Shuxiang (1978), Jin Lixin (2014) on the basis. On the basis, this paper carried out analysis of the special sentence patterns in English and Chinese, the syntactic forms of interpretation from the perspective of case marking. Believe that English and Chinese middle construction is a typical application of tongge configuration language. The lattice guest "Sheng" and "lost" more prominent. The two explanation for the semantic itself. It should start with Huang Zhengde's unaccusative hypothesis is not the same. In English, corresponding to the "structure of.3 NP+V+ADV" in English and Chinese) Shi tongge phenomenon of similarities and differences in syntax and semantics. The same semantic meanings of English and Chinese Verbs: Springer the point is not a subject object verb structure; Springer described the incident is usually complete and end point; the patient's own state will change. "" in Chinese: differences, "/" have "," and "already" in English said The end of time. But in Chinese, "have / has" with other signs. For the omission of "tense has / have been", the meaning of the sentence will not change. In English, tense sign is morpheme, can not be independent, and can only complete temporal coexistence, i.e. have+ ed.Already not only can be used alone. Can be together in the perfect tense. Compared with English, Chinese tense expression more casually. The same point: the syntax between English and Chinese verbs from the sentence into strict intransitive sentences with the same position. That is two yuan in the predicate sentence, into verb into a grid of predicate in; when the body, usually use the past tense and the perfective. Differences: English verb affixes Springer with diversity, and in the Chinese language is relatively simple. Has the theoretical significance of language typology and common language learning in this study. On the one hand, the guest list on language and language through applying lattice lattice passive category of syntactic forms, can be in the passive form a clearer understanding of the similarities and differences of language, provide inspiration and reference for the further research of passive category of language in the world. On the other hand, the popular grid configuration problem of linguists have a deeper exploration and research. This study also has a certain application value, the lattice configuration problem in the field of English and Chinese passive category of Chinese and English teaching provides some theoretical guidance.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：H146.3;H314.3

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