本文選題：話語標記 + 動詞��； 參考：《華中師范大學》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：本文主要研究動詞“看“‘想”“說”“知道”為核心構(gòu)成的話語標記。主要內(nèi)容和觀點如下：第一,以動詞“看”為核心構(gòu)成的話語標記主要考察話語標記“我看”和“你看”。話語標記“我看”主要探討其發(fā)展為話語標記的語義基礎、“我看”的行事分析和出現(xiàn)的篇章語境,并考察訪談語境中的話語標記“我是這么看的”。話語標記“你看”主要探討其判定、行事分析和出現(xiàn)的語篇語境,并考察談話語境中的話語標記“你看”。主要觀點為：話語標記“我看”的形成和“看”的觀察義也有關。具有提醒功能的話語標記“你看”的形成和交際雙方共同經(jīng)歷的視覺經(jīng)驗相關。說話人在執(zhí)行斷言的言語行為時,通過“我看”表明某一命題只是從“我”的視角來斷定的,“我”保證并相信其為真。這使命題內(nèi)容帶上了一定的主觀性,降低了表達的客觀性。從而降低了肯定或否定的程度,往往顯得比較委婉。在建議的言語行為中,“我看”主要在建議的先決條件上起作用,體現(xiàn)了說話人對聽話人的思考,因而也是真誠的,使建議更為委婉。在表情的言語行為中,“我看”體現(xiàn)了說話人的事實和價值斷定過程,表明說話人表達的感情是有依據(jù)的�！拔铱础背Ｒ姷钠抡Z境包括轉(zhuǎn)折關系和因果關系。話語標記“你看”用來征詢意見時,隱含著對對方經(jīng)驗、知識的豐富性的肯定的前提,潛在地提升了對方的面子,表達也就更為委婉。表示提醒的話語標記“你看”在說話人陳述某一事實或情況的時候,具有變換表達視角的作用,體現(xiàn)了說話人對聽話人的關注,表達更為委婉。從篇章語境看,“你看”多用來引出原因或證據(jù),和相關話語構(gòu)成因果關系�！拔沂沁@么看的”是話語標記“我看”在訪談語境中的一個變體。在一般的談話語境中,話語標記“你看”主要表現(xiàn)為提醒功能。第二,以“想”類動詞為核心構(gòu)成的話語標記主要探討話語標記“我想”的判定、行事分析和出現(xiàn)的篇章語境,話語標記“你想”的判定、話語功能和語篇功能。并專門考察訪談語境中的話語標記“我覺得”。主要觀點為：“想”作為一個認知行為,既體現(xiàn)出認知過程的持續(xù)性,又體現(xiàn)出認知的結(jié)果性。當說話人對想的內(nèi)容進行敘述的時候,是對其思維認知的結(jié)果的敘述。話語標記“我想”和“你想”的形成并不都遵循“想”的語義演變過程。話語標記“你想”是由表示讓聽話人換個角度思考一下的動詞短語“你想”直接發(fā)展而來的。從言語行為的角度看,話語標記“我想”用來引出斷言,著重在表明某一命題屬于自己的主觀看法,并不強調(diào)其事實證據(jù),帶有很大的不確定性。從篇章上看,“我想”所引出的內(nèi)容和其前面的內(nèi)容在語義上主要有因果關系、轉(zhuǎn)折關系、解釋關系和條件關系。話語標記“你想”的功能主要是提醒對方關注某一顯而易見的事實或道理。語篇上,“你想”多用來引出解釋說明性的話語�！拔矣X得”作為一個話語標記用來表達說話人的主觀看法時,凝固性并不十分強。在訪談類節(jié)目中“我覺得”的出現(xiàn)頻率要遠大于“我想”“我看”。 由于節(jié)目性質(zhì)、嘉賓身份、訪談目的甚至訪談氛圍都會直接影響主持人和嘉賓對“我覺得”的使用。第三,以“說”為核心構(gòu)成的話語標記主要探討表示斷言的話語標記“我敢說”、話語標記“要說”和“說起來”、并對比分析話語標記和連詞“別說”的來源。主要觀點為：說話人通過“我敢說”來引出一個斷言,體現(xiàn)出其對斷言的基本條件和真誠條件的關注,即說話人相信并承諾某一斷言為真。說話人之所以使用話語標記“我敢說”來引出斷言內(nèi)容,主要就是提醒聽話人盡管后續(xù)的斷言內(nèi)容具有一定的超事實性、夸張性,但說話人仍然相信并保證其為真�！拔腋艺f”經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的語境包括：主觀推斷、表達異見、做出預言、揭露現(xiàn)實、贊譽鼓勵和強調(diào)誓言。話語標記“要說”經(jīng)常引出一個常理下對上文某一觀點或情況的評價,為進一步的評價埋下伏筆。話語標記“說起來”的功能是基于其表示言說的開始和繼續(xù)。它出現(xiàn)在話輪開頭標記言語行為的開始,用來引出某一不尋�；騻羞z憾的話語,出現(xiàn)在話輪中間表示言語行為的繼續(xù),用來引出與前述話語相關的內(nèi)容。連詞“別說”和話語標記“別說”都來自于其動詞短語形式。“別說”發(fā)展為話語標記,其元語否定是在內(nèi)部言語上起作用,體現(xiàn)出說話人對自我原有認知的否定。話語標記“別說”不在于凸顯原有認知和事實之間的關系,而在于表明事實的新異性和超常規(guī)性。說話人通過“別說”從聽話人的視角來表達某一新異信息使表達更具表現(xiàn)力,且有提示對方關注該新異信息的功能。第四,以動詞“知道”為核心構(gòu)成的話語標記主要在小說語域中進行研究,主要內(nèi)容包括：話語標記“你知道”和“你不知道”的判定問題,并專門探討話語標記“你不知道”、非典型話語標記“我知道”以及話語標記“我不知道”形成的語義基礎,最后探討話語標記“要知道”。主要觀點為：對話語標記“你知道／不知道”來說,最為重要的是看句子“你知道／不知道Y”的重音。相對于“你知道”和“你不知道”來說,動詞短語“我知道”“我不知道”是說話人對自己認知狀態(tài)的描述。由于當說話人說其知道某一信息的時候,就表示他確信某一信息為真。因此,“知道”帶上了確信義�！拔抑馈毕喈斢凇拔掖_信”,“我不知道”相當于“我不確信”,二者都發(fā)展出話語標記的功能�！拔抑馈笔且粋�非典型的話語標記。單獨使用的“我知道”即使具有表達說話人姿態(tài)的功能,但它是建立在說話人對自己擁有某一信息的描述的基礎上的。帶小句、多重小句賓語的“我知道”盡管在韻律上具有獨立性,句法上具有可刪除性,但是最為重要的一點是,對它是否參與小句命題內(nèi)容的構(gòu)建不好確定。話語標記“要知道”由表示“需要知道”的動詞短語發(fā)展而來,它不參與相鄰小句的命題內(nèi)容的構(gòu)建,句法上可刪除,其后經(jīng)常有停頓,是一個韻律單位。話語標記“要知道”具有提醒功能�！耙馈蔽挥谠捿嗛_頭或段首位置,用來引出一個常識性的知識作為后續(xù)觀點和進一步論述的原因�！耙馈蔽挥谠捿喕蚨温渲虚g,用來引出某一事實或道理作為支持某一觀點的依據(jù)。常見于立論型和駁論型論述中。
[Abstract]:The main contents and views of the verb "think", "say" and "know" are as follows: first, the discourse markers consisting of the core of the verb "look" mainly inspect the discourse markers "I see" and "you see". The discourse markers "I see" mainly discuss the discourse markers which are developed into discourse markers. The semantic basis, "I see" the analysis of the action and the discourse context, and the discourse markers in the context of the interview, "I think so". The discourse markers "you see" mainly discuss its judgment, the analysis and the context of the discourse, and the words "you see" in the context of the conversation. The main point of view is "discourse markers" I The formation of "look" is also related to the observation meaning of "see". The formation of a reminders "you see" is related to the visual experience of the common experience of the two parties. When the speaker performs the speech act of the assertion, the word "I see" indicates that a proposition is determined only from the perspective of "me", "I" guarantee and believe it It makes the content of the proposition with a certain subjectivity, reduces the objectivity of the expression, reduces the degree of affirmation or negation, and tends to be more euphemistic. In the proposed speech act, "I see" is mainly on the precondition of the suggestion, reflecting the speaker's thinking to the hearer, and therefore is sincere, so that it is built. It is more euphemistic. In the speech act of expression, "I see" reflects the fact of the speaker and the process of judging the value of the speaker. It shows that the speaker's feelings are based. "I see" the common text context includes the turning relationship and the causality. The precondition of the affirmation of the richness has the potential to enhance the face of the other side, and the expression is more euphemistic. The reminding of the words "you see", "you see", when the speaker states a fact or situation, has the function of changing the expression angle of view, reflecting the speaker's close note to the hearer and expressing more euphemism. From the text context, "you see" "I see" is a variant of the discourse marker "I see" in the context of interview. In the general context of conversation, the discourse marker "you see" is mainly a reminder function. Second, a discourse marker composed of "think" verbs as the core is the main exploration. The determination of "I think", the context of the discourse, the discourse context, the discourse markers "you think", the discourse function and the discourse function, and the discourse markers in the interview context "I feel". The main point is that "thinking" as a cognitive act embodies the continuity of the cognitive process and the embodiment of it. When the speaker narratives the content of the thought, it is the narrative of the result of his thinking. The discourse markers, "I think" and "you think", do not all follow the semantic evolution process of "think". "You want" is a verb phrase "you think" to give the listener a change of perspective. "You want to think." From the point of view of speech act, the discourse marker "I think" is used to lead to assertions, focusing on showing that a proposition belongs to its own subjective view, and does not emphasize its factual evidence, with great uncertainty. From the text, the content and the content ahead of the "I think" are semantically related to the reasons. The function of the discourse marker "you want" is mainly to remind the other person to pay attention to an obvious fact or truth. In the text, "you think" is used to lead to the explanation of explanatory discourse. "I think" as a discourse marker to express the subjective opinion of the speaker, it is coagulated. The frequency of "I think" in the interview program is far greater than "I think", "I think". Because of the nature of the program, the identity of the guest, the purpose of the interview and even the interview atmosphere will directly affect the use of the "I feel" by the host and the guest. Third, the discourse markers made up of "say" are mainly discussed. The discourse markers of the assertion "I dare say", the discourse markers "say" and "say", and compare the sources of discourse markers and conjunctions "farewell". The main idea is that the speaker leads a assertion by "I dare say" to embody its attention to the basic conditions and sincere conditions of the assertion, that is, the speaker believes and promises something. The reason why the speaker uses the word mark "I dare say" leads to the assertion, which is mainly to remind the listener that although the following assertion is hyperfactual and exaggerated, the speaker still believes and ensures it is true. "I dare say" the current context includes subjective inferences, dissenting, doing. The function of the discourse marker "speaking" is based on the beginning and continuation of its expression. It appears at the beginning of the word wheel marking speech act. At the beginning, it is used to elicit an unusual or regrettable discourse that appears in the middle of the word to indicate the continuation of the speech act, which leads to the content related to the aforementioned words. The conjunctions "farewell" and the discourse marker "farewell" are derived from their verb phrase forms. "Another" is a discourse marker, and its metalinguistic negation is an internal speech. The language plays a role, reflecting the speaker's negation of the original cognition of the self. The discourse mark "farewell" is not to highlight the relationship between the original cognition and the fact, but to show the new and supernormal rules of the fact. The speaker expresses a new information from the speaker's perspective to express a more expressive force and the expression. Fourth, the discourse markers consisting of the core of the verb "know" are mainly studied in the domain of the novel. The main contents of the discourse include: "you know" and "you do not know", and the discourse markers "you do not know", and the atypical discourse markers "I know" And the semantic basis of the discourse markers "I do not know" is the semantic basis of the formation of "I do not know". Finally, the discourse markers "want to know". The main idea is that the most important thing is to see the stress of the sentence "you know / do not know Y". "I know" "I don't know" is a description of a speaker's state of cognition. Because when a speaker says he knows a message, it means he is convinced that a certain information is true. So, "know" is true. "I know" is equivalent to "I'm sure", "I don't know", "I'm not sure", the two are all Developing the function of discourse markers. "I know" is an atypical discourse marker. "I know" alone "I know" even has the function of expressing a speaker's posture, but it is based on a speaker's description of one's own information. "I know" with a small sentence and a multiple sentence object, although it is in rhythm. There is independence, which is syntactically deleable, but the most important thing is that it is not good to establish whether it participates in the clause of a clause. The discourse marker "want to know" is developed by the verb phrase expressing "need to know". It does not participate in the construction of the propositional content of the adjacent clauses, which is syntactically deleted, and then often stops. The discourse marker is a unit of rhythm. The "want to know" has a reminder function. "To know" is located at the beginning of the ring or the first position of the segment, used to lead to a common sense of knowledge as a follow-up point of view and further discussion. "To know" in the middle of a word or paragraph, to draw a fact or reason to support a certain one. The basis of view is commonly used in argumentation and refutation.

【學位授予單位】：華中師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：H146.1

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本文編號：1800108