本文關(guān)鍵詞： 森林文化 林人共生 彝族 變遷　出處：《云南大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：森林研究通常被歸入自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,然而由于森林與人類有著極為密切的聯(lián)系,其間又表現(xiàn)出較強的人文屬性。客觀上講,林學(xué)兼有自然和人文雙重屬性。特別是在人類面臨諸多生態(tài)問題困擾的時候,綠水青山在社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展及人類生存中的地位愈發(fā)重要。森林的資源和生態(tài)兩大重要功能對人類的生存發(fā)展具有重要影響甚至決定意義,人類文明的進步大多構(gòu)筑于對森林開發(fā)利用的基礎(chǔ)之上,一些文明的衰落或經(jīng)濟、政治重心的轉(zhuǎn)移往往也因森林的毀壞而引起。彝族的生存和發(fā)展與森林有著緊密的聯(lián)系,彝族在認(rèn)識、利用、保護森林的過程中,形成了積淀深厚、內(nèi)涵豐富的森林文化。彝族森林文化主要表現(xiàn)在物質(zhì)、精神、制度三個層面。物質(zhì)層面,彝族充分利用森林資源以維持生計,在利用森林的過程中,總結(jié)出許多利用森林的技藝,這是彝族物質(zhì)層面森林文化的精髓。精神層面,彝族對森林有著深厚的情感,在原始宗教信仰及人生禮俗方面有很多與森林相關(guān)的習(xí)俗,從這些習(xí)俗中可以看出彝族敬重森林的生態(tài)觀念。制度層面,彝族有護林組織及護林制度,彝族對森林的維護主要體現(xiàn)在即植樹造林、神山森林體系、護林制度等三個方面。彝族地區(qū)森林在清代以前變化不大,而清代以后因人口劇增、農(nóng)業(yè)墾殖、礦冶及烤煙耗薪、商業(yè)采伐、皇木采辦、工業(yè)耗材、政治活動、軍事活動等致使森林破壞較為嚴(yán)重,引發(fā)一系列生態(tài)及社會后果。森林變遷、科技進步、現(xiàn)代生活方式介入等引起彝族森林文化變遷,進而使與森林相關(guān)的一些文化淡化甚至消失,為森林保護帶來挑戰(zhàn)和機遇。彝族森林文化的核心是林人共生。林人共生關(guān)系中林處于主要地位,林是前提,有林才能有人類對森林資源的利用,在此過程中形成了對森林的認(rèn)知體系以及利用森林的技術(shù)體系。林人共生關(guān)系發(fā)端于林而又回歸于林,發(fā)端于林是指林為人類的生存提供必要的條件,回歸于林是指人類為了森林作用的長久持續(xù)發(fā)揮而保護森林,林人共生關(guān)系的模式為從林到人,再從人到林,即林——人——林,抑或用林——護林——用林。林人共生的生態(tài)觀念在生態(tài)文明建設(shè)中顯得彌足珍貴,對生態(tài)文明建設(shè)具有重要的借鑒意義。彝族森林文化對彝族地區(qū)生態(tài)保護發(fā)揮著重要作用,在生物多樣性減弱以及生態(tài)惡化的情況下,應(yīng)當(dāng)挖掘并傳承彝族森林文化,為生態(tài)恢復(fù)及生物多樣性保護提供借鑒和路徑。彝族植物文化是森林文化的重要組成部分,應(yīng)該把彝族植物文化元素應(yīng)用到彝族聚居區(qū)的城市綠化中,以彰顯出彝區(qū)城市的民族特色和文化內(nèi)涵。
[Abstract]:Forest research is usually subsumed into the field of natural science, but because of the close relationship between forest and human beings, there is also a strong human nature. Forestry has the dual attributes of nature and humanity, especially when mankind is confronted with many ecological problems. Green water green mountain plays an increasingly important role in social and economic development and human survival. The two important functions of forest resources and ecology play an important role in the survival and development of human beings. Most of the progress of human civilization is based on the exploitation and utilization of forests. The decline of some civilizations or the shift of political center of gravity are often caused by the destruction of forests. The survival and development of the Yi people are closely related to forests. In the process of understanding, utilizing and protecting the forest, the Yi people have formed a forest culture with deep accumulation and rich connotation. The forest culture of the Yi nationality is mainly manifested at the material, spiritual and institutional levels. The Yi people make full use of forest resources to support their livelihood. In the process of using forests, they have summed up many skills of using forests. This is the essence of the Yi people's forest culture on the material level. At the spiritual level, the Yi people have deep feelings for forests. There are many forest-related customs in the aspects of primitive religious beliefs and life customs. From these customs, we can see that the Yi people respect the ecological concept of forests. At the institutional level, the Yi people have forest protection organizations and forest protection systems. The maintenance of the forest by the Yi people is mainly reflected in the three aspects of immediate afforestation, the forest system of Shenshan, and the forest protection system. The forest in the Yi nationality area did not change much before the Qing Dynasty, but after the Qing Dynasty, due to the sharp increase in population, the consumption of wages in agriculture, reclamation, mining and smelting, and flue-cured tobacco, Commercial logging, procurement of imperial wood, industrial consumables, political activities, military activities and other causes of forest destruction, causing a series of ecological and social consequences. Forest changes, scientific and technological progress, The intervention of modern way of life has caused the change of forest culture of Yi nationality, which makes some cultures related to forest fade or disappear. It brings challenges and opportunities for forest protection. The core of Yi forest culture is the symbiosis of forest people. In the symbiotic relationship between forest and people, forest is the main position, forest is the prerequisite, and only when there is forest, can there be human utilization of forest resources. In this process, the cognitive system of forest and the technical system of using forest are formed. The symbiotic relationship between forest and human originates from the forest and returns to the forest, which means that the forest provides the necessary conditions for the survival of human beings. Returning to the forest means that human beings protect the forest for a long time. The pattern of the relationship between forest and man is from forest to man, and then from man to forest, that is, forest-man-forest. Or the ecological concept of forest protection and forest use. The ecological concept of symbiosis of forest people is very precious in the construction of ecological civilization, and it has important reference significance for the construction of ecological civilization. The forest culture of Yi nationality plays an important role in the ecological protection of Yi nationality areas. Under the circumstances of the decline of biodiversity and the deterioration of ecology, Yi forest culture should be excavated and inherited to provide reference and path for ecological restoration and biodiversity protection. Yi plant culture is an important part of forest culture. The plant culture elements of the Yi nationality should be applied to the urban greening of the Yi nationality area in order to show the national characteristics and cultural connotation of the Yi region city.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：G122
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本文編號：1531408