本文關(guān)鍵詞： 技術(shù) 電影藝術(shù) 影響　出處：《湖南師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在藝術(shù)這個(gè)大家族中,電影藝術(shù)無疑是七大藝術(shù)門類中最年輕的藝術(shù)。其他藝術(shù)門類,都可以稱得上歷史悠久甚至古老,比如繪畫、文學(xué)、雕塑、舞蹈、音樂等。它們之中有的在原始社會(huì)時(shí)期就已初露端倪了,迄今為止已擁有了悠久深厚的傳統(tǒng)和輝煌燦爛的成果。而電影藝術(shù)卻是19世紀(jì)末的產(chǎn)物,至今只有百余年歷史,然其發(fā)展之快卻使電影迅速地從其他藝術(shù)形式中獨(dú)立出來,成為了繼詩歌、音樂、繪畫、舞蹈、雕塑、建筑這傳統(tǒng)六大藝術(shù)門類之后的“第七藝術(shù)”。而電影作為“第七藝術(shù)”,它區(qū)別于其他藝術(shù)形式的一個(gè)重要特征便是,電影是唯一以一項(xiàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)明作為生辰標(biāo)志的藝術(shù)。電影藝術(shù)誕生至今不過百余年,在這一百多年的發(fā)展歷程中,每一次技術(shù)的突破都推動(dòng)著電影不斷前進(jìn),甚至為電影帶來一次新的革命,給不斷發(fā)展的電影藝術(shù)注入源源不斷的新鮮血液。有學(xué)者曾表示,一部電影發(fā)展史,亦可看作一部電影技術(shù)史。電影自其誕生之日起,就與科技結(jié)下了不解之緣,它能廣泛吸收所有于其有利的科技成果,這種與技術(shù)的兼容性,是其他傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)難以企及的。所以,從某種程度上來說,電影的發(fā)展就在于技術(shù)的發(fā)展,技術(shù)的進(jìn)步亦代表著電影的進(jìn)步,兩者相伴相生,不可分離。本文以技術(shù)與電影藝術(shù)作為研究對(duì)象,著力于研究技術(shù)與電影藝術(shù)發(fā)展之間存在的聯(lián)系。通過回顧電影藝術(shù)自誕生以來,從無聲到有聲,從黑白到彩色,從膠片到數(shù)字,每一次重大變革背后的技術(shù)背景,探討每一次技術(shù)的進(jìn)步對(duì)電影藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生的影響,以及藝術(shù)的需求對(duì)技術(shù)發(fā)展的推動(dòng)作用,力求深入理解和把握技術(shù)與電影藝術(shù)之間的互動(dòng)關(guān)系。本文從三個(gè)部分展開論述。第一部分緒論。綜述、評(píng)析目前學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)技術(shù)與電影研究的狀況,梳理、回顧技術(shù)對(duì)電影影響的研究已取得的成果和不足,指出本文的研究意義、方法、內(nèi)容及創(chuàng)新之處。第二部分共有六章。先簡要梳理相關(guān)概念,然后從五個(gè)大的技術(shù)進(jìn)展探討技術(shù)的發(fā)展對(duì)中國電影藝術(shù)的影響。第一章技術(shù)與電影。對(duì)技術(shù)、電影及電影藝術(shù)的定義進(jìn)行明確界定,并從電影發(fā)展史的描述上說明技術(shù)對(duì)電影藝術(shù)的發(fā)展有著舉足輕重的意義與影響,最后從掌握技術(shù)的人——電影創(chuàng)作者的角度來分析,電影藝術(shù)之所以呈現(xiàn)出豐富多樣的藝術(shù)效果和藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力,主要在于電影創(chuàng)作者對(duì)技術(shù)不同的選擇和操作。第二章電影的誕生。首先回顧傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)中類似電影藝術(shù)的元素,如走馬燈、皮影戲、繪畫,并說明這些早期的藝術(shù)與電影之間的關(guān)系。然后論述現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的發(fā)展,如照相術(shù)的誕生、攝影術(shù)的出現(xiàn)、放映機(jī)的發(fā)明如何催生電影的誕生。最后介紹電影作為一門藝術(shù)與其他藝術(shù)(如戲劇、繪畫、小說)的異同,并簡要論述電影藝術(shù)的主要特征。第三章奇妙的聲音。此章選取了電影從無聲到有聲經(jīng)歷的四個(gè)階段:蠟盤發(fā)聲、膠片發(fā)聲、磁性錄音和數(shù)字立體聲。簡要回顧了每種聲音技術(shù)的發(fā)展概況,著重分析蠟盤發(fā)聲、膠片發(fā)聲、磁性錄音和數(shù)字立體聲分別在聲音的表現(xiàn)方式,聲音理論的建構(gòu),電影空間的拓展,電影表演等方面對(duì)電影藝術(shù)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生的影響。第四章繽紛的色彩。首先回顧彩色膠片出現(xiàn)之前,調(diào)色法等技術(shù)在電影藝術(shù)中的運(yùn)用,介紹當(dāng)時(shí)的技術(shù)條件下電影的發(fā)展概況,并分析早期的彩色片的審美特征;然后論述彩色膠片誕生后,色彩的調(diào)整和光效的變化對(duì)電影發(fā)展的影響,以及彩色片獨(dú)有的審美特征;最后探討數(shù)字技術(shù)在電影調(diào)色方面的應(yīng)用。第五章變形的銀幕。先回顧寬銀幕電影出現(xiàn)之前,最初電影常見的兩種影像畫幅比,一種是默片的1.33:1(或4:3),一種是35mm有聲片的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)畫幅比”1.37:1,此外還有一種特別的8.75mm電影的產(chǎn)生和消失;然后論述變形鏡頭技術(shù)問題的解決,對(duì)寬銀幕影像質(zhì)量的影響,并分析寬銀幕給電影藝術(shù)的構(gòu)圖等方面帶來的變化;最后介紹立體電影,先分析立體電影誕生的技術(shù)支撐,然后探討立體電影技術(shù)對(duì)電影藝術(shù)發(fā)展的影響,在此基礎(chǔ)上,簡要介紹360°環(huán)幕電影和IMAX球幕電影等其他大屏幕電影。第六章瘋狂的數(shù)字。首先介紹傳統(tǒng)膠片的誕生,以及數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展概況;然后從電影類型、電影敘事、電影制作以及電影本質(zhì)四個(gè)方面論述數(shù)字技術(shù)的介入對(duì)電影藝術(shù)的影響。第三部分結(jié)語�？偨Y(jié)技術(shù)的發(fā)展對(duì)電影藝術(shù)的敘事、本質(zhì)等產(chǎn)生的影響以及人們對(duì)影像真實(shí)感等的追求對(duì)電影技術(shù)的促進(jìn)作用。并通過對(duì)電影藝術(shù)史中的一些反技術(shù)主義的流派的主張和現(xiàn)在某些電影過分強(qiáng)調(diào)技術(shù)化傾向而損壞了電影藝術(shù)性的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析,得出技術(shù)的堆砌并不是電影的本質(zhì),而技術(shù)含量的多少也并非電影追求的目標(biāo),對(duì)于電影而言,技術(shù)只是展現(xiàn)其藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力的手段,所以不可過分突出技術(shù),二者之間是相輔相成,互利共生的結(jié)論。也就是說技術(shù)的更新推動(dòng)著電影藝術(shù)的發(fā)展,藝術(shù)的追求又促進(jìn)了技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。在電影藝術(shù)的發(fā)展史上,技術(shù)的進(jìn)步起到了舉足輕重的作用,甚至可以說沒有技術(shù)就沒有電影藝術(shù),沒有技術(shù)的進(jìn)步就沒有電影藝術(shù)的發(fā)展,而技術(shù)的支撐,才使電影藝術(shù)有了非凡的表現(xiàn)力,與此同時(shí),技術(shù)也在電影藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)中獲得了更為寬廣的展現(xiàn)。正因?yàn)殡娪暗乃囆g(shù)效果在一定程度上受到科技含量的影響,所以技術(shù)在電影制作過程中的不同運(yùn)用,往往就導(dǎo)致電影藝術(shù)展現(xiàn)出不同的藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力,而一種新的藝術(shù)效果的誕生,一般都是通過技術(shù)的變革而實(shí)現(xiàn)的,電影技術(shù)的發(fā)展存在著巨大的潛能,從而導(dǎo)致電影藝術(shù)在創(chuàng)作手段上亦存在無限的可能性,技術(shù)與電影藝術(shù)之間是相互依靠,互相影響的,兩者之間的互動(dòng)關(guān)系讓人著迷:每一次技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,都推動(dòng)著電影藝術(shù)走向更為高級(jí)的階段,而人們對(duì)于電影藝術(shù)的追求,又逼迫著技術(shù)不斷向前發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:In this big family of art, art of film art is undoubtedly the most young seven categories of art. Other kinds of art, can be called a long history and ancient, such as painting, sculpture, literature, dance, music and so on. Some of them in the period of primitive society have been emerging, so far has a long history the traditional and brilliant achievements. While the film art is the end of the nineteenth Century product, so far only a hundred years of history, but its rapid development is to make the film quickly separate from other art forms, became the poetry, music, painting, dance, sculpture, architecture of the traditional six kinds of art "seventh art". The film as "seventh art", an important feature which is different from other art forms is that the movie is the only to a technical invention as birthday sign art film arts. Since the birth of only 100 years, in the course of more than 100 years of development, every technological breakthrough has pushed forward the movie, even bring a new revolution for the film, inject fresh blood Everfount to film art development. Some scholars have said that the history of the development of a movie can be regarded as a movie film technology history. Since its birth, and science and technology the indissoluble bound, it can absorb all the beneficial achievements of science and technology, and this technology is the compatibility of other traditional art elusive. So, to some extent, the development of the film lies in the development of technology the progress of technology, also represents the progress of the film, the two together, can not be separated. Based on the technology and film art as the research object, focus on the development of research between technology and film in contact through. Review of film art since its birth, from silent to sound, from black and white to color, from film to digital technology, the background behind every major change, to explore the effect of each technical progress of movie art, art and the demand for technology development and the interaction between the depth to understand and grasp the technology and film art. This paper discussed from three parts. The first part is the introduction. The review of the current academic research on technology and film, combing, review the influence of technology on the film has achieved results and shortcomings, points out the research significance, the method, content and innovation second. There are six chapters. First briefly introduces related concepts, then discusses the influence of technology on the development of China film art from the five major technical progress. In the first chapter. The technology and film technology, film and film The definition of art were clearly defined, and from the history of the development of the film that has a description of the influence and significance of the development of an important technology of movie art, finally from the skilled people -- filmmakers from the perspective of movie art is showing the artistic effect and artistic expression varied, mainly lies in the filmmakers of the selection and operation of different techniques. The birth of second chapter film. Firstly review similar film art in traditional art elements, such as lantern, shadow, painting, and explain the relationship between these early art and film. And then discusses the development of modern technology, such as the birth of photography, the appearance of photography, projector the invention of how to promote the birth of the film. The film as an art and other art (such as painting, drama, novels) the similarities and differences, and briefly discusses the main film art To the characteristics. The third chapter voices. This chapter selects from silent to sound films has experienced four stages: the wax film sound, sound, magnetic recording and digital stereo. A brief review of the development situation of each kind of sound technology, focuses on the analysis of wax film sound, sound, magnetic recording and digital stereo in the performance of voice, sound construction theory, expand the film space, influence on the development of film art film acting as a result. The fourth chapter first reviews the colors. Color film before using toning techniques in film art, introduce the general development of the technical conditions at the time of the movie the aesthetic features, and analyze the early color film color film; and then discusses the influence of adjustment after the birth of color and light change effect on the development of the film, and the aesthetic characteristics of color film unique; finally The application of digital technology in film color. The fifth chapter first reviews the deformation of the screen. A wide screen film before, two kinds of image format original movie common ratio, is a silent film of 1.33:1 (or 4:3), a 35mm sound "standard format than" 1.37:1, in addition to a in particular the emergence and disappearance of 8.75mm movies to solve technical problems; and then discusses the lens distortion, wide screen effect on image quality, and the analysis of changes in the wide screen brings to the art of film composition and other aspects; finally introduces the three-dimensional film, the first analysis of technical support for the birth of three-dimensional film, then to explore the influence of technology on the development of three-dimensional film the art of film, based on the brief introduction of 360 degree movie screen and IMAX ball screen film and other big screen movies. The sixth chapter first introduces the birth of crazy numbers. The traditional film, and the development of digital technology ; then from the type of film, film narrative, discusses the influence of digital technology in film production and the nature of the film in four aspects involved in the art of film. The third part is conclusion. Summarize the development techniques of narrative art of film, the influence of nature from the image and the people of the realistic pursuit of film technology promotion. And based on some anti movies in the history of art genre advocates and now some movies emphasize the technical tendency and damage analysis of the status quo of film art, the nature of the technology stack is not the film, but also how much technical content of the film is not the pursuit of the goal, for the film, just show the means of artistic expression, so not too prominent, between the two are complementary and mutually beneficial symbiosis results. That is to update the technology driving power Development of film art, the pursuit of art and promote the progress of technology. In the history of the development of film art, technological progress has played a pivotal role, even can be said that there is no technology of film art, no technological progress without the development of film art, and technical support, to make a film art the extraordinary performance of the force, at the same time, also in the movie art performance in a more broad show. Because the film art effect is affected by the content of science and technology in a certain extent, so the technology in the film making process by using different, often leads to the movie art show different artistic expression however, a new artistic effect of birth, are generally realized by the change of technology, the development of film technology has great potential, resulting in the creation of the film art means also exist The infinite possibilities between technology and art of film is to rely on each other, mutual influence, the interaction between the two fascinating: every technological progress, promote the movie art towards a more advanced stage, and people for the movie the pursuit of art, and forced the technology of continuous development.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：J905
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本文編號(hào)：1448151