本文關(guān)鍵詞：時(shí)空交互模式下時(shí)間維度客體注意的加工機(jī)制　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 時(shí)間維度客體注意 空間維度客體注意 自上而下加工 自下而上加工 客體表征強(qiáng)度

【摘要】：客體注意(object-based attention)是指在與空間線索距離相等的條件下,個(gè)體對(duì)出現(xiàn)在與線索相同客體中比出現(xiàn)在與線索不同客體中的目標(biāo)探測(cè)得更快更準(zhǔn)。以往關(guān)于客體注意的研究大多只停留在空間維度,De Freitas,Liverence和Scholl(2014)首次提出也存在時(shí)間維度的客體注意。他們以聽(tīng)覺(jué)呈現(xiàn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音律節(jié)奏為時(shí)間序列客體,使線索到客體內(nèi)目標(biāo)和線索到客體間目標(biāo)的時(shí)間間隔相等,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于線索和目標(biāo)出現(xiàn)在不同節(jié)奏樂(lè)句中,出現(xiàn)在相同節(jié)奏樂(lè)句中時(shí),被試對(duì)目標(biāo)的探測(cè)更快。盡管De Freitas等(2014)發(fā)現(xiàn)了時(shí)間維度客體注意,但仍有一系列問(wèn)題需要解決。首先,De Freitas等人所使用的聽(tīng)覺(jué)韻律刺激具有特殊性,無(wú)法說(shuō)明時(shí)間維度客體注意的普遍存在及其成因。一方面,視覺(jué)通道下是否同樣存在時(shí)間維度客體注意效應(yīng)?另一方面,Jones(1976)早年曾提出一個(gè)預(yù)期時(shí)間窗理論來(lái)解釋序列規(guī)則引導(dǎo)注意分配的內(nèi)部機(jī)制,那么時(shí)間維度客體注意是否也可以從預(yù)期時(shí)間窗的角度加以理解?其次,前人研究證明時(shí)間和空間注意的作用機(jī)制是獨(dú)立的,至少是部分獨(dú)立的。那么時(shí)間維度自上而下和自下而上客體之間的交互作用與空間維度相比有何異同?再次,前人關(guān)于時(shí)空注意的研究都只考察了時(shí)空一致的情況,沒(méi)有考察沖突情況。且客體注意領(lǐng)域的研究都是基于單一空間維度或單一時(shí)間維度,并未考察多維交互模式這種日常更多見(jiàn)情況下客體注意的加工特點(diǎn),即時(shí)空客體在同時(shí)影響目標(biāo)時(shí)的作用機(jī)制是獨(dú)立的還是部分重疊的?本研究通過(guò)操縱疊加和沖突條件,包括時(shí)間和空間維度的疊加與沖突,時(shí)間維度中自上而下和自下而上客體的疊加和沖突,考察客體注意效應(yīng)的表現(xiàn)模式,從而揭示時(shí)空交互模式下時(shí)間維度客體注意的加工機(jī)制。本文包括三個(gè)研究十個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。研究一主要證明在視覺(jué)通道下時(shí)間維度客體注意的存在;研究二探討時(shí)間維度中自上而下和自下而上客體的交互關(guān)系模式;研究三進(jìn)一步考察時(shí)間和空間維度客體注意的加工究竟是如何交互作用的。具體來(lái)說(shuō),研究一通過(guò)對(duì)De Freitas等(2014)的時(shí)間范式進(jìn)行改造,研究視覺(jué)通道下能否產(chǎn)生時(shí)間維度的客體注意效應(yīng)以及時(shí)間維度下能否產(chǎn)生自上而下和自下而上兩種類型的客體注意效應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)一使用顏色客體順次呈現(xiàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)視覺(jué)通道下自下而上客體確實(shí)能夠在時(shí)間維度上引導(dǎo)注意分配,只是這種客體效應(yīng)被一種反向的被試預(yù)期效應(yīng)所抵消。實(shí)驗(yàn)二在實(shí)驗(yàn)一顏色客體的基礎(chǔ)上加入形狀客體,使兩種自下而上客體相疊加,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)表征增強(qiáng)后出現(xiàn)了顯著的自下而上客體效應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)三使用順次呈現(xiàn)的漢語(yǔ)四字詞為客體材料,發(fā)現(xiàn)視覺(jué)通道下自上而下客體確實(shí)能夠在時(shí)間維度上引導(dǎo)注意分配,但與實(shí)驗(yàn)一相同,這種較弱的客體效應(yīng)被被試預(yù)期效應(yīng)所覆蓋。實(shí)驗(yàn)四在實(shí)驗(yàn)三的基礎(chǔ)上,使用熟悉性較高的四字詞,結(jié)果出現(xiàn)了顯著的自上而下客體效應(yīng)。研究二考察時(shí)間維度中自上而下和自下而上客體在一致和不一致條件下引導(dǎo)注意時(shí)的交互作用模式。實(shí)驗(yàn)五和實(shí)驗(yàn)六分別在高、低客體表征強(qiáng)度下將自上而下和自下而上客體在呈現(xiàn)時(shí)間上排列為一致。實(shí)驗(yàn)五的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在低表征條件下自上而下和自下而上客體效應(yīng)可以疊加,一致條件下的客體效應(yīng)量顯著大于單獨(dú)自上而下和單獨(dú)自下而上客體條件。實(shí)驗(yàn)六的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)高表征條件下兩種類型客體效應(yīng)不能疊加。實(shí)驗(yàn)七和實(shí)驗(yàn)八分別在高、低客體表征強(qiáng)度下將自上而下和自下而上客體在呈現(xiàn)時(shí)間上排列為不一致。實(shí)驗(yàn)七的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在低表征條件下自上而下客體可以干擾自下而上客體的加工,但自下而上客體不影響自上而下客體的加工。實(shí)驗(yàn)八的結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在高表征條件下兩種類型客體都不能產(chǎn)生明顯的相互干擾,提示自上而下的客體并不能在任何條件下對(duì)自下而上客體產(chǎn)生干擾;進(jìn)一步將實(shí)驗(yàn)七中自下而上客體表征強(qiáng)度提高之后,低表征強(qiáng)度自上而下客體也不再干擾自下而上客體的加工。研究三在同時(shí)包含時(shí)間維度和空間維度客體的情況下,通過(guò)操縱時(shí)空一致和時(shí)空不一致兩種條件考察兩種維度客體注意的加工究竟是如何交互作用的。實(shí)驗(yàn)九發(fā)現(xiàn)在外周呈現(xiàn)刺激的條件下仍然能夠出現(xiàn)類似于先前研究中所觀察到的時(shí)間維度客體注意效應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)十發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)間和空間維度客體效應(yīng)同時(shí)作用于目標(biāo)時(shí),短的SOA條件下只出現(xiàn)了空間維度客體效應(yīng),隨著SOA的延長(zhǎng)時(shí)間維度客體效應(yīng)出現(xiàn),在400 ms SOA條件下兩種維度客體共同發(fā)揮作用,而600 ms SOA條件下時(shí)間維度客體完全掩蓋了空間維度客體而單獨(dú)存在。綜合研究一、研究二和研究三的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,本研究得出以下幾點(diǎn)結(jié)論:1.視覺(jué)通道也能像聽(tīng)覺(jué)通道一樣產(chǎn)生時(shí)間維度的客體效應(yīng),且自下而上和自上而下客體都能在表征足夠強(qiáng)的情況下引導(dǎo)注意分配。2.當(dāng)時(shí)間維度自上而下和自下而上客體作用方向一致時(shí),與空間維度的結(jié)果不一致,兩種客體引發(fā)的客體效應(yīng)具有可疊加性,但疊加不是無(wú)止境的。當(dāng)兩種客體作用方向不一致時(shí),與空間維度一樣,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)果取決于兩種客體表征強(qiáng)度的對(duì)比。3.在時(shí)間維度和空間維度客體共存的條件下,空間維度客體注意主要作用于早期加工階段,時(shí)間維度客體注意主要作用于晚期加工階段,兩者在SOA為400 ms時(shí)有部分重疊。4.時(shí)間維度客體注意的結(jié)果不能用空間維度客體注意的理論加以解釋,也不能僅以預(yù)期時(shí)間窗單獨(dú)解釋,而是個(gè)體將內(nèi)部時(shí)間窗與外部驅(qū)動(dòng)規(guī)則動(dòng)態(tài)匹配的結(jié)果,外部規(guī)則的驅(qū)動(dòng)性受客體表征強(qiáng)度的調(diào)節(jié),表征強(qiáng)度越強(qiáng)驅(qū)動(dòng)性越大,內(nèi)部時(shí)間窗與其相匹配的準(zhǔn)確性就越高,分配的注意資源就會(huì)越多,進(jìn)而越容易產(chǎn)生客體注意效應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:The object of attention (object-based attention) refers to the distance and spatial cues under the condition of the same individual, to appear in the same object and clue faster than appears in different clues in the object detection more accurate. The past research on the object of attention of most only stay in the space dimension, De Freitas, Liverence and Scholl (2014) first proposed the object has a time dimension. The rhythm of music to their standard auditory presentation for the time series of clues to the object, make object and target in the trail to the target object with equal time interval, the results show that, compared to the cue and target appears in different rhythm phrase, phrases appear in the same rhythm when tested on the target detection faster. Although De Freitas (2014) found that the time dimension object of attention, but there are still a series of problems to be solved. First, using the De Freitas and other people to listen to Sleep rhythm stimulation is special, can not explain the common causes and time dimension of object attention. On the one hand, there are also visual attention effect time dimension object? On the other hand, Jones (1976) in the early years presented an expected time window theory to explain the internal mechanism of distribution sequence rules to guide attention, so pay attention to whether the time dimension object can also be understood from the expected time window view? Secondly, the previous study that the mechanism of time and space that is independent, at least in part independent. So interaction between time and space dimension dimension of top-down and bottom-up object compared the similarities and differences? Again, study on the spatial temporal attention the former only review the coherence of time and space, did not examine the conflict. And the research object attention are based on a single space or single A time dimension, did not look to see more of this daily multidimensional interaction pattern processing characteristics of case object attention, that is mechanism of temporal object influence while the target is independent or partially overlapped? This study by manipulating the superposition and conflict conditions, including the superposition and conflict of time and space dimensions, superposition and top-down and conflict from the time dimension of the object, the object of attention effect the performance of models, so as to reveal the processing mechanism of space-time interaction mode time dimension object attention. This paper includes three of ten experiments. The main research in visual attention time dimension object; study two to investigate the interaction between top-down and bottom-up object model in the dimension of time; the three further inspected the processing time and space dimension object attention is how to interact . specifically, a study by De Freitas (2014) time paradigm transformation, the object can produce time dimension of visual attention object can produce two types of top-down and bottom-up effect and time dimension under the effect of attention. The experiment using a color object are presented, found under the bottom-up visual channel the object can in the time dimension to guide the distribution of attention, but this effect is the object of a reverse test was offset by the expected effect. Experiment two based on experimental object color added on the shape of the object, the two object of bottom-up superposition, the characterization of enhanced after the emergence of a significant effect. The bottom-up object the use of three sequentially presented four character Chinese words as the object material, found that visual object can indeed guide from top to bottom in the dimension of time The distribution of attention, but with the same as the experimental one, the object is weak effect of the subjects covered in Experiment four. The expected effect on the basis of experiment three, familiar with the use of high four words, resulting in a top-down effect. The object of study two examines the time dimension and self object interaction and bottom-up guidance note that when the model in consistent and inconsistent conditions. Experiment five and six respectively in the high, the top-down and bottom-up object arrangement is consistent in present time low object representation strength. The results of experiment five found at the top of low conditions and characterization of bottom-up object effect can be superimposed, volume effect under the condition of uniform object alone alone was significantly greater than the top-down and bottom-up object conditions. Results of the six experiments showed that two kinds of high representation object types not superimposed. The experimental effect Seven and eight respectively in the experiment, the top-down and bottom-up object in the present time are not consistent with low intensity object representation. Results of seven experiments showed that the processing object in the characterization of low interference under the condition of bottom-up top-down object, but the object does not affect the processing of top-down bottom-up object. Eight experimental results found in characterization under the condition of two types of objects are not interfere significantly, suggesting that the top-down object does not interfere with the bottom-up object under any conditions; after further experiments to improve seven bottom-up representations of objects strength, low strength is no longer the object characterization of top-down bottom-up processing interference object. Three in the study also contains the dimension of time and space the dimension of the object case, by manipulating the temporal consistency and time-space inconsistency two conditions Whether the two dimensions of object attention processing is how to interact. Experiment nine stimulus conditions can still appear similar to the time dimension object in the previous study observed the effect of attention in the periphery. Experiment ten found that when the dimension of time and space effect when applied to the target object with short, SOA only there is a spatial dimension object effect, with the time dimension of object SOA effect, together play a role in the two under 400 ms SOA and 600 ms SOA dimension object, under the conditions of the time dimension object completely cover the space dimension object alone. A comprehensive study, research and research results of the three two in this study, the following conclusions: 1. the effect of visual object channel can also produce the same time dimension as auditory channel, and the bottom-up and top-down object can be characterized in enough Under the condition of strong guidance of attention distribution.2. when the time dimension of top-down and bottom-up object direction, and the dimension of the inconsistent results. The effect of two kinds of object by object with stacking, but superposition is not endless. When the two object direction is inconsistent with the same spatial dimension, compared to.3. the competition result depends on two kinds of representations of objects strength coexist in the dimension of time and space object conditions, the spatial dimension object attention a major role in the early stage, the time dimension of object attention a major role in the late stage, both in the SOA 400 ms overlap.4. time dimension object attention results cannot pay attention to with the dimension of space object theory to explain, not only to the expected time window alone explain, but individual internal and external driving time window dynamic matching rules As a result, the driving force of external rule is regulated by the intensity of object representation. The stronger the intensity of representation, the greater the driving force. The higher the accuracy of the internal time window, the more attention resources will be allocated.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：B842.3

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