發(fā)布時間：2018-03-04 16:29

  本文選題：中國　切入點：新形勢　出處：《福建農(nóng)林大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：甘蔗是我國重要的食糖來源,近年來由于受農(nóng)業(yè)資源條件和農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移進程的影響,我國甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本高漲,比較效益低下,并面臨著國內(nèi)糖價隨國際糖價下滑、和大量配額外原糖盲目無序進口的雙重沖擊的形勢；同時也面臨著高新科技日新月異,一些產(chǎn)業(yè)和經(jīng)濟體開始應用物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、云計算、大數(shù)據(jù)等現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù),并逐步進入機械化、智能化和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+的新時代。在這樣的新形勢下,本文著眼于當前我國甘蔗的生產(chǎn)、加工、貿(mào)易等環(huán)節(jié)的競爭力開展研究,結(jié)果如下：1、對我國甘蔗主產(chǎn)區(qū)5個省采用調(diào)查問卷面對面交談和查閱資料的方式進行調(diào)研,結(jié)果表明我國甘蔗生產(chǎn)規(guī)模偏小,戶均種植面積約5畝；種植行距以1.2米以下為主,51.95%農(nóng)戶采用牛工培土,機械收割率不到1%,機械化程度低；近幾年全國甘蔗種植面積約2300-2400萬畝,產(chǎn)糖量約1100-1300萬噸,規(guī)模和糖產(chǎn)量與泰國相近,繼巴西和印度之后排名世界第三；甘蔗生產(chǎn)成本約2150-2300元／畝,平均畝產(chǎn)4.8噸,蔗糖生產(chǎn)成本約4400-4800元／噸,約為澳大利亞、巴西的2倍多；甘蔗的含糖量和出糖率分別為13.8%和12.1%,略高于泰國的11.6%、10.5%,低于澳大利亞15.5%、14.2%；蔗糖貿(mào)易在國內(nèi)外價差巨大且關(guān)稅保護不足的情況下,近三年原糖進口約400萬噸,貿(mào)易逆差大,嚴重沖擊國內(nèi)蔗糖產(chǎn)業(yè)。2、案例分析：以廣西扶南東亞糖業(yè)有限公司為例,2013/14榨季其蔗區(qū)面積約33萬畝,平均畝產(chǎn)5.25噸,蔗糖含量14.55%,出糖率12.73%,在國內(nèi)同行屬于領(lǐng)先水平。但是其品種單一化嚴重,ROC22占95%以上,遠高于全國平均的60%左右；平均單產(chǎn)高于世界平均的4.8噸／畝,與巴西、澳大利亞等國相近；蔗糖分和出糖率高于泰國,與巴西持平,低于澳大利的15.5%、14.2%；當榨季每噸白砂糖含稅成本5317.86元,銷售虧損684.64元。直接折射出我國甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)除單位面積產(chǎn)量和蔗糖含量與世界主要產(chǎn)糖國接近之外,在品種結(jié)構(gòu)、蔗區(qū)規(guī)模、加工品質(zhì)、制糖成本等方面競爭力處于明顯劣勢。3、試驗驗證：在甘蔗主產(chǎn)區(qū)通過土地流轉(zhuǎn)組建一個1500畝的甘蔗生產(chǎn)農(nóng)場,3年的生產(chǎn)實踐結(jié)果為：機械化生產(chǎn)模式下平均畝產(chǎn)為5.64噸,比常規(guī)生產(chǎn)模式的5.93噸減產(chǎn)了0.29噸；平均每畝收入為2368.8元,比常規(guī)生產(chǎn)模式下少收入121.8元,而生產(chǎn)成本比常規(guī)生產(chǎn)模式下節(jié)約了331.62元。因此,機械化生產(chǎn)模式下,每畝的凈利潤為136.86元,比常規(guī)栽培模式的-72.96元增收了209.83元。并初步篩選出了福農(nóng)38、柳城05-136、粵糖55等3個在粵西地區(qū)相對適宜機械化栽培的品種；驗證了我國機械化收割環(huán)節(jié)的含雜和損失與國外情況相當。但整個農(nóng)場與世界糖主產(chǎn)國相比仍然沒有競爭力,主要原因是農(nóng)場規(guī)模太小,農(nóng)機具閑置率高,農(nóng)機與農(nóng)藝并未完全融合。從側(cè)面表明新形勢下可通過擴大土地流轉(zhuǎn)、開展適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營、加快農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合等方面提高我國甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力。4、針對當前形勢,我國應盡快推進甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)性改革,整合土地資源,加強土地整治與規(guī)劃,深挖節(jié)本增效潛力：一是推動土地流轉(zhuǎn)和規(guī)劃、強化水利建設和地力恢復工程,開展機械化、規(guī)�；�(jīng)營；加大農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)機補貼力度,鼓勵成立甘蔗生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)機合作社,大力發(fā)展專業(yè)種植戶和糖廠租賃承包土地,實現(xiàn)企業(yè)化的專業(yè)化經(jīng)營。二是通過產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系指導建設優(yōu)良苗圃、優(yōu)化品種構(gòu)成和熟制搭配,加快推廣福農(nóng)38、柳城05-136、柳城03-1137、桂糖29、粵糖55等高產(chǎn)、高糖、適應機械化栽培的品種,豐富蔗區(qū)品種遺傳多樣性；同時加快健康種苗、抗旱節(jié)水技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合技術(shù)等方面的研發(fā)與應用推廣。三是構(gòu)建糖料產(chǎn)業(yè)政策扶持體系,化解食糖“價差驅(qū)動型進口”導致中國食糖產(chǎn)業(yè)“產(chǎn)量增、成本增、高庫存與高進口”并存的困局；在主產(chǎn)區(qū)開展甘蔗種植直補試點,并嚴格限制配額外進口食糖,保護國內(nèi)食糖產(chǎn)業(yè)。通過以上措施,力爭在5-10年內(nèi)每噸甘蔗降低成本100-120元,噸糖成本降低1000-1300元,大幅度提高我國甘蔗產(chǎn)業(yè)的競爭力。
[Abstract]:Sugarcane is an important source of sugar, in recent years due to the impact of agricultural resources and agricultural labor transfer process, high production cost in China's sugarcane industry, relatively low efficiency, and faced with the international and domestic sugar prices decline in sugar prices double impact and a large number of raw sugar import quota blindly and disorderly situation; also facing high tech industry and economy change rapidly, some began to use the Internet of things, cloud computing, big data and other modern information technology, and gradually entered the new era of mechanization, intelligent and Internet plus. In this new situation, this article focuses on the current China's sugarcane production, processing, trade and other aspects to carry out competition research results are as follows: 1, 5 provinces of China's major sugarcane producing areas by questionnaires face-to-face communication and access to information by way of research, results showed that the sugarcane production scale in our country is too small The average, about 5 acres of cultivated area; planting spacing to 1.2 meters below, 51.95% farmers using niugong hilling, mechanical harvesting rate of less than 1%, low degree of mechanization; the sugarcane planting area in recent years, about 2300-2400 acres, about 1100-1300 tons of sugar yield and sugar yield, size and similar to Thailand, after Brazil and India ranked third in the world; sugar cane production costs about 2150-2300 yuan per mu, the average yield of 4.8 tons, sugar production cost about 4400-4800 yuan / ton, about Australia, more than 2 times in Brazil; the sugar content in sugarcane and sugar yield were 13.8% and 12.1%, slightly higher than the 11.6% in Thailand, 10.5%, lower than Australia 15.5%, 14.2%; the sugar trade spread abroad in the huge and tariff protection under the condition of insufficient, nearly three years of raw sugar imports about 4 million tons, a large trade deficit, a serious impact on the domestic sugar industry.2 analysis, case: Guangxi Funan East Asia sugar has Limited company as an example, the 2013/14 crop of sugarcane area of about 330 thousand acres, the average yield of 5.25 tons, the content of sucrose 14.55%, sugar 12.73%, belong to the leading level in the domestic counterparts. But the single species serious, ROC22 accounted for more than 95%, far higher than the national average of about 60%; the average yield is higher than the world average of 4.8 tons per mu, with Brazil, Australia and other countries are similar; sucrose and higher than the rate of Thailand sugar, Brazil flat, lower than Australia 15.5%, 14.2% per ton of sugar crop; when the tax cost of 5317.86 yuan, sales of 684.64 yuan loss. Directly reflects China's sugarcane industry except per unit area yield and sucrose content with the world's major sugar producing countries close to the outside, in the sugarcane variety structure, size, processing quality, sugar cost competitiveness at a distinct disadvantage.3 test: in the main producing areas of sugar cane land transfer by the formation of a 1500 acres of sugar cane production The farm, 3 years of production practice results: mechanized production mode of the average yield of 5.64 tons, 5.93 tons of production mode than conventional production 0.29 tons per acre; the average income is 2368.8 yuan, compared to the conventional mode of production less income 121.8 yuan, and the cost of production than conventional production mode so the savings of 331.62 yuan., mechanized production mode, net profit per mu to 136.86 yuan -72.96 yuan, than the conventional cultivation pattern of the income of 209.83 yuan. And preliminary screened 38 Funong 05-136 Liucheng, Guangdong 55, sugar 3 in the western region is relatively suitable for mechanized cultivation varieties; verified and miscellaneous losses and abroad including our mechanized harvesting links. But the whole farm is compared with the world's sugar producing countries are still not competitive, the main reason is that the farm size is too small to implement high vacancy rates, agricultural machinery and agronomy did not fully show that the new situation from the side of fusion. Can through the expansion of land circulation, to carry out the appropriate scale of operation, accelerate the integration of agricultural agronomic and other aspects of improving.4 sugarcane industry competitiveness in China, in view of the current situation, China should promote structural reform of sugarcane industry as soon as possible, strengthen the integration of land resources, land remediation and planning, dig potential cost efficiency: one is to promote the circulation of land and planning. To strengthen the construction of water conservancy and soil restoration project, carry out mechanization and scale management; to increase agricultural production and agricultural subsidies, encourage the establishment of sugarcane production and agricultural cooperatives, vigorously develop the professional farmers and Sugar Land lease contract, implementation of specialized enterprises. The two is the industrial technology system to guide the construction of excellent nursery, optimize breed composition and cooked collocation, accelerate the promotion of agricultural 38, Liucheng 05-136, Liucheng 03-1137, cgx 29, Yuetang 55 high yield, high sugar, suitable for mechanized cultivation. A rich genetic diversity of sugarcane varieties; at the same time to speed up the healthy seedlings, drought resistance and water saving technology, promotion of development and application of modern agricultural agronomic integration technology. The three is to build a support system of sugar industry policy, to resolve the sugar "spread driven imports" to China sugar industry production increased, increasing cost, high inventory and high import coexistence dilemma; development of sugarcane planting in the main producing areas subsidies pilot, and strictly limit the quota of imported sugar, the protection of the domestic sugar industry. Through the above measures, and strive to 5-10 years of sugarcane per ton in reducing the cost of 100-120 yuan, the cost of tons of sugar reduced 1000-1300 yuan, greatly improve the competitiveness of sugarcane industry in China.

【學位授予單位】：福建農(nóng)林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：F326.12

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