【摘要】：由子囊菌Magnaporthe oryzae引起的稻瘟病是一種世界性的水稻病害。由于其危害面積逐年增大且危害程度日趨嚴(yán)重,已成為水稻高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的巨大障礙。長(zhǎng)期的生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐表明,利用抗病基因培育抗病品種是防治稻瘟病最為經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的方法。然而,由于稻瘟病菌的致病性分化嚴(yán)重、生理小種多、變異頻繁,給抗病品種的選育帶來(lái)了困難,一個(gè)抗病品種往往推廣種植3～5年便“喪失”抗病性。因此,一方面必須對(duì)稻瘟病菌進(jìn)行深入研究,監(jiān)測(cè)分析稻瘟病菌群體的小種組成及時(shí)空變化,預(yù)防稻瘟病的大范圍發(fā)生;另一方面,需要鑒定優(yōu)異的廣譜抗性基因,并將這些廣譜抗性基因?qū)胨酒贩N或通過(guò)基因聚合使品種抗性更具有廣譜性和持久性。本研究收集了不同生態(tài)區(qū)的稻瘟病菌,分析了其生理小種組成、分布及侵染特性。從采自浙江、廣東、安徽、廣西、海南、江蘇、湖北、湖南、江西、四川等10個(gè)省份的稻瘟病病樣中,通過(guò)單孢分離獲得158個(gè)單孢菌株。利用中國(guó)七個(gè)鑒定品種進(jìn)行苗期鑒定,所采集分離的158個(gè)單孢可分為7個(gè)小種群27個(gè)生理小種,且小種分布具有明顯的區(qū)域特異性。在南方秈稻種植區(qū)(廣東、湖北、廣西、江西、四川等),ZB小種群所占比重較大,為優(yōu)勢(shì)小種群;而在粳稻為主的種植區(qū)(江蘇),則以ZE、ZG為優(yōu)勢(shì)小種群、ZE1、ZG1為優(yōu)勢(shì)小種;在秈/粳混栽區(qū)(浙江、海南、湖南、安徽等),除浙江只有ZB菌群之外,海南、安徽和湖南地區(qū)出現(xiàn)多個(gè)小種群,且以ZA、ZB、ZC和ZG小種群所占比重較大。以揚(yáng)稻6號(hào)為輪回親本構(gòu)建的近等基因系(Pigm、Pi40、Pi9、、Pi2、Piz)與近等基因系Pi1、Pi33、Pi54分別進(jìn)行兩兩雜交,通過(guò)分子標(biāo)記輔助選擇進(jìn)行篩選,成功構(gòu)建了一套雙基因聚合系(18個(gè)基因組合)。同時(shí)針對(duì)每個(gè)目標(biāo)基因組合選擇2-4個(gè)農(nóng)藝性狀與揚(yáng)稻6號(hào)相似的株系通過(guò)全基因組測(cè)序(GBS)進(jìn)行背景回復(fù)率檢測(cè),基于測(cè)序結(jié)果分析,所選擇的各雙基因聚合系背景回復(fù)率都在98.02%以上,分布在98.02%(Pi9+Pi1)-98.98%(Pi2+Pi33)之間,并均保留了揚(yáng)稻6號(hào)本身攜帶的稻瘟病抗性基因,從而使后續(xù)的抗性分析建立在一致的抗性遺傳背景上。在人工接種條件下,不同雙基因聚合系之間的抗性效應(yīng)存在明顯差異。與受體親本相比,各雙基因聚合的抗性水平均有不同程度的提高�？剐孕�(yīng)最好的為Pigm+Pi1、Pigm+Pi33、Pigm+Pi54、Pi9+Pi1、Pi9+Pi54、Pi2+Pi1 Pi2+Pi33,它們的苗瘟及穗瘟抗性頻率都在90%以上。同時(shí),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)不同基因聚合后,大部分基因組合都產(chǎn)生了正向聚合效應(yīng),僅有少部分基因組合產(chǎn)生了負(fù)向效應(yīng),如Piz+Pi33和Pi54+Pi33。此外,在自然誘發(fā)條件下,只有Pigm+Pi1、Pigm+Pi33和Pigm+Pi54在三個(gè)病圃表現(xiàn)最穩(wěn)定,而其余基因組合抗性效應(yīng)則存在地區(qū)特異性。基本農(nóng)藝性狀調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,除攜帶有Pi2的雙基因聚合系表現(xiàn)出抽穗期提前、每穗粒數(shù)變少、單株產(chǎn)量降低外,其他雙基因聚合系的基本農(nóng)藝性狀均與輪回親本揚(yáng)稻6號(hào)無(wú)明顯差異。
[Abstract]:Rice blast caused by ascomycetes Magnaporthe oryzae is a worldwide rice disease. It has become a great obstacle to high and stable yield of rice because of its increasing damage area and serious damage degree year by year. The long-term production practice shows that breeding resistant varieties with disease resistance genes is the most economical and effective method to control rice blast. However, because of the serious pathogenicity differentiation of rice blast fungus, many physiological races and frequent variation, it is difficult for the breeding of resistant varieties. A disease-resistant variety often loses its disease resistance after 3 ~ 5 years of planting. Therefore, on the one hand, it is necessary to carry on the thorough research to the rice blast fungus, to monitor and analyze the small species composition and the time and space change of the population of rice blast, so as to prevent the large-scale occurrence of rice blast. On the other hand, it is necessary to identify excellent broad-spectrum resistance genes and to introduce them into rice varieties or to make them more broad-spectrum and persistent through gene aggregation. In this study, the composition, distribution and infection characteristics of rice blast fungus in different ecological regions were analyzed. 158 strains of rice blast were isolated from 10 provinces of Zhejiang, Guangdong, Anhui, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangsu, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Sichuan. In the seedling stage identification of seven identified varieties in China, 158 single spore species collected and isolated can be divided into 27 physiological races of 7 small populations, and the distribution of racemes has obvious regional specificity. In southern indica rice growing areas (Guangdong, Hubei, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, etc.) the proportion of), ZB small population is large, which is the dominant small population; In the japonica rice planting area (Jiangsu), ZE,ZG was the dominant small population and ZE1,ZG1 was the dominant small species. In indica / japonica mixed planting areas (Zhejiang, Hainan, Hunan, Anhui, etc.), there were many small populations in Hainan, Anhui and Hunan, except for the ZB microflora in Zhejiang, and the small populations of ZA,ZB,ZC and ZG accounted for a large proportion. The near isogenic line (Pigm,Pi40,Pi9,,Pi2,Piz) and the near isogenic line (Pi1,Pi33,Pi54) constructed with Yangdao 6 as recurrent parent were crossed by pairwise hybridization and screened by molecular marker-assisted selection. A set of double gene polymeric lines (18 gene combinations) was successfully constructed. At the same time, 2-4 agronomic traits similar to Yangdao 6 were selected for each target gene combination to detect the background response rate by whole genome sequencing (GBS), and the results were analyzed based on the sequencing results. The background response rate of the selected polymorphic lines was above 98.02%, distributed between 98.02% (Pi9 Pi1) and 98.98% (Pi2 Pi33), and the blast resistance genes of Yangdao 6 were retained. So that the subsequent resistance analysis is based on the consistent genetic background of resistance. Under artificial inoculation, there were significant differences in resistance effects among different polymorphic lines. Compared with the recipient parents, the resistance level of the two-gene polymerization was increased in varying degrees. The best resistance effect was Pigm Pi1,Pigm Pi33,Pigm Pi54,Pi9 Pi1,Pi9 Pi54,Pi2 Pi1 Pi2 Pi33,. The frequency of seedling blast and panicle blast resistance was over 90%. At the same time, we found that after different gene aggregation, most gene combinations produced positive aggregation effect, only a few gene combinations produced negative effects, such as Piz Pi33 and Pi54 Pi33.. In addition, only Pigm Pi1,Pigm Pi33 and Pigm Pi54 showed the most stable resistance in the three nurseries under natural induced conditions, while the resistance effects of the other gene combinations were region-specific. The investigation of basic agronomic characters showed that, except for the double gene polymeric lines carrying Pi2, the heading date was earlier, the number of grains per panicle decreased, and the yield per plant decreased. There was no significant difference between the basic agronomic characters of other double gene polymeric lines and the recurrent parent Yangdao 6.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚(yáng)州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S435.111.41

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