本文關(guān)鍵詞： 保障性住房 市場(chǎng)效應(yīng) 法律保障 長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：我國(guó)的保障性住房建設(shè)起步較晚，雖然國(guó)際上已經(jīng)形成了較為先進(jìn)的住房保障體系，但由于我國(guó)國(guó)情、政策、體制、市場(chǎng)的特殊性，至今，保障性住房所要達(dá)到的社會(huì)保障效果還沒(méi)有完全的形成，這種情形正是由于政策法律不完善、建設(shè)融資困難、分配退出機(jī)制欠缺造成的。 本文首先對(duì)保障性住房的概念進(jìn)行了澄清，并與國(guó)際上同類(lèi)型項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行類(lèi)比，指出我國(guó)的保障性住房本質(zhì)上是國(guó)際上所稱(chēng)的“公共住房”。目前，國(guó)際關(guān)于住房分配中，主要有兩種模式，一種是以市場(chǎng)化和商品化為主導(dǎo)的商品房，此類(lèi)住房的購(gòu)買(mǎi)和居住通過(guò)正常的貨幣來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。還有一種模式就是，以政府或者政府指定（委派）的公共機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)、保障中低收入階層居住需求的保障房，此類(lèi)住房體現(xiàn)的是政府對(duì)低收入家庭的保障義務(wù)。 本文重點(diǎn)探討了保障房分配方面需要的制度化運(yùn)作，提出要做好保障性住房的分配工作，使真正需要幫助的中低收入住房困難群眾受益。建立保障性住房分配虛假申報(bào)等問(wèn)題的懲罰機(jī)制，并進(jìn)行公平有效的社會(huì)監(jiān)督。 在國(guó)際上，美國(guó)是以財(cái)稅、信貸及金融為主要手段，鼓勵(lì)公共住房發(fā)展，英國(guó)則由地方政府發(fā)揮主要作用，瑞典以系列政策法規(guī)保障高福利，新加坡則是由建屋發(fā)展局推行“居者有其屋”計(jì)劃，這些國(guó)家的住房保障工作都取得了不錯(cuò)的成績(jī)，值得我國(guó)借鑒。綜合來(lái)說(shuō)，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家住房保障制度的基本經(jīng)驗(yàn)是：具有完善的法律、法規(guī)制度；由政府成立專(zhuān)門(mén)的公共住房發(fā)展機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)保障；公共住房政策隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展逐步演變和完善；政府公共住房支出占公共支出比例較高；通過(guò)融資創(chuàng)新解決公共住房資金短缺問(wèn)題。 在我國(guó)，保障性住房建設(shè)和商品房市場(chǎng)提出相輔相成。按照我國(guó)最初的住房制度設(shè)計(jì)，我國(guó)房地產(chǎn)供給主要是以商品房和保障房組成，其中保障房中，最初是以經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房為主，廉租房為輔。 按照時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)來(lái)看，1998年，為第一階段，該年我國(guó)提出取消福利分房，計(jì)劃建立公共住房多層次供應(yīng)體系，經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房的比例甚至提出要占到80%。2004年，為第二階段，該階段由于住房供應(yīng)過(guò)度市場(chǎng)化，保障房建設(shè)和供應(yīng)在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)缺位，商品房?jī)r(jià)格暴漲，政府再次強(qiáng)調(diào)保障房建設(shè)力度。2008年，為第三階段，政府對(duì)房地產(chǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)控，重申保障性住房對(duì)穩(wěn)定房?jī)r(jià)的重要作用，，從嚴(yán)保障房購(gòu)買(mǎi)和轉(zhuǎn)讓制度。同時(shí)，以北京推出“限價(jià)房”，該類(lèi)住房被稱(chēng)為繼經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房、廉租房之后的第三種保障性住房。2012年，為第四階段，政府提出保障房供應(yīng)出現(xiàn)量化。其中北京以公租房為主的新的保障房模式出現(xiàn)，保障房申請(qǐng)人群擴(kuò)展到外來(lái)勞務(wù)工作者。 近幾年，保障性住房建設(shè)規(guī)模連年攀升，土地供應(yīng)量逐步加大，保障性住房的建設(shè)規(guī)模也在加大，“十二五”期間計(jì)劃開(kāi)工建設(shè)保障性住房3600萬(wàn)套，并逐步趨向以租賃方式為主，公租房成為未來(lái)建設(shè)重點(diǎn)。 我國(guó)保障性住房制度建設(shè)仍存在不少問(wèn)題，如現(xiàn)有住房保障體系未能覆蓋住房困難的中低收入人群、保障性住房建設(shè)資金供應(yīng)不足、保障性住房準(zhǔn)入退出機(jī)制不健全、保障性住房金融發(fā)展緩慢、保障性住房缺乏法律硬約束等。針對(duì)于此，本文建議：第一，優(yōu)先保證保障建設(shè)用地的供應(yīng)，多渠道拓寬保障性住房房源，加大保障性住房供應(yīng)量，提高保障性住房工程質(zhì)量。第二，加強(qiáng)住房保障制度的法律保障，適度擴(kuò)大住房保障范圍，建立和完善住房保障制度的分配、退出機(jī)制。建立動(dòng)態(tài)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)信息系統(tǒng)，方便政府根據(jù)實(shí)際情況調(diào)節(jié)保障房制度。第三，拓寬住房保障資金融資渠道，建立適合低收入群體的房屋金融支持體系，體系的責(zé)任主體必然是政府。只有在政府的引導(dǎo)支持下，保障性住房體系才能進(jìn)一步完善。 目前有些保障性住房遠(yuǎn)離市區(qū)，或是周邊配套不夠完善，給入住保障性住房的中低收入市民帶來(lái)諸多不便利。本文提出，對(duì)于保障性住房配套市政基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和相關(guān)的公共服務(wù)設(shè)施，開(kāi)發(fā)商與政府應(yīng)該各自負(fù)起自己的職責(zé)。從規(guī)劃、審批、建設(shè)、驗(yàn)收等方面把好關(guān)，讓保障性住房居住著不僅在居住方面有保障，也要在教育、醫(yī)療、交通等方面有保障。
[Abstract]:Our country ' s safeguard housing construction starts late , although international has already formed the more advanced housing security system , but because of our country situation , policy , system and market particularity , so far , the social security effect to be achieved by the safeguard housing has not been fully formed , this situation is due to the imperfect policy law , the difficulty of construction finance , the lack of distribution and exit mechanism . This paper first clarifies the concept of affordable housing , and analogizes the same type of project internationally , points out that our country ' s safeguard housing is essentially the " public housing " in the world . At present , there are two main modes in the international housing distribution , one is the commercial housing dominated by the marketization and commercialization . One mode is to develop and construct the public institutions designated by the government or the government to guarantee the guarantee room for the living needs of middle and low - income families , which is the guarantee obligation of the government to the low - income families . This paper focuses on the systematic operation of guaranteeing the allocation of housing , and puts forward the allocation of affordable housing , which will benefit the middle - and low - income housing that really needs help . Establish the punishment mechanism of the guarantee housing allocation false declaration and so on , and carry out the fair and effective social supervision . At the international level , the United States is the main means of fiscal and taxation , credit and finance to encourage public housing development . In the United Kingdom , the local government has played a major role in the development of housing security in developed countries . The basic experience of housing security system in developed countries is that it has a sound legal and regulatory system ; the government has established a special public housing development agency to guarantee ; public housing policy is gradually evolving and perfected with economic and social development ; public housing expenditure accounts for higher proportion of public expenditure ; and through financing innovation , the problem of shortage of public housing funds is solved . In our country , the affordable housing construction and the commercial housing market are mutually reinforcing . According to the original housing system design in our country , the real estate supply mainly consists of commercial house and guarantee room , in which the housing is guaranteed , originally the economic applicable room is the main and the low - rent housing is auxiliary . According to the time node , in 1998 , for the first stage , in the first phase of the year , China proposed to cancel the welfare branch , plan to establish the multi - level supply system of public housing , the proportion of affordable housing even raised to make up 80 % . In 2004 , in order to guarantee the housing construction and supply in the whole country , the price of commodity house has soared , and the government again emphasizes the construction of housing . In 2012 , in order to guarantee housing construction and supply in the third stage , the government put forward the third safeguard housing . In the fourth phase , the government proposed that the supply of housing supply will be quantified . In recent years , the construction scale of affordable housing has been increasing year by year , the amount of land supply has gradually increased , and the construction scale of affordable housing is increasing . During the 12th Five - Year Plan period , 36 million sets of affordable housing are planned to be constructed , and the gradual trend will be based on the lease mode , and the public rental housing will become the focus of future construction . There are still many problems in the construction of safeguard housing system in our country , such as low - and low - income people who fail to cover the housing difficulties in the existing housing security system , the inadequate supply of affordable housing construction funds , the lack of legal hard constraints on the guarantee of housing market access , and the establishment and improvement of the housing finance support system for low - income groups . At present , some safeguard houses are far away from the urban areas , or the surrounding facilities are not perfect enough to bring inconvenience to the middle - and low - income residents who are staying in the affordable housing . This paper puts forward that the developers and the government should have their own responsibility for supporting the municipal infrastructure and related public service facilities , so that the affordable housing can be guaranteed not only in terms of planning , approval , construction , acceptance and the like , but also in education , medical , traffic and the like .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F299.23

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