本文關(guān)鍵詞：閱讀研究中的主要眼動指標(biāo)評述，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

第4期 閆國利等: 閱讀研究中的主要眼動指標(biāo)評述 599

5 眼動指標(biāo)使用時應(yīng)注意的問題

5.1 眼動指標(biāo)的分類

以上對閱讀中的眼動指標(biāo)進行了介紹。需要說明的是, 對眼動指標(biāo)進行分類的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并不是唯一的, 還可以根據(jù)其他的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進行分類, 比如根據(jù)研究目的的不同還可以劃分為局部分析指標(biāo)(local measures)和整體分析指標(biāo)(global measures) (Bai, Yan, Zang, Liversedge, & Rayner, 2008; Li, Zhao, & Pollatsek, 2012)。整體分析指標(biāo)主要是從宏觀上對閱讀的眼動特征進行分析, 具體包括：平均注視時間、平均眼跳距離、向前眼跳次數(shù)、回視次數(shù)(比率)、總的句子閱讀時間(在句子閱讀過程中落在句子上的所有注視點和眼跳的總和)、句子閱讀時間校正(指總的句子閱讀時間減去眼跳時間, 即落在句子上所有注視點的持續(xù)時間的總和)、注視位置等(沈德立等, 2010)。具體對一個興趣區(qū)的深入分析主要使用局部分析指標(biāo), 主要包括：單一注視時間、首次注視時間、第一遍閱讀時間、向前通過閱讀時間、第二次通過閱讀時間、總閱讀時間、總體通過閱讀時間、重讀時間、注視位置、再注視比率、跳讀率、回視出比率等。當(dāng)然這種分類也只是相對的, 比如注視位置、眼跳距離等既可以作為整體分析指標(biāo)也可以在局部分析中使用。

5.2 原始數(shù)據(jù)的刪除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

在正式分析眼動數(shù)據(jù)之前, 還需要對有問題的原始數(shù)據(jù)進行剔除。

首先, 要刪去眼動記錄丟失較多的試驗項目, 同時還要刪去包含有眨眼的注視, 因為有研究(Ridder & Tomlinson, 1995)發(fā)現(xiàn), 與眼跳抑制一樣, 在眨眼時也存在“眨眼抑制” (blink suppression)現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)Volkmann, Riggs和Moore (1980)的研究, 眨眼抑制從眨眼啟動前約50~100ms開始, 一直持續(xù)到眨眼結(jié)束后的100~150 ms, 最近的一項研究(Ehrmann, Ho, & Paoas, 2005)甚至發(fā)現(xiàn)要持續(xù)到眨眼結(jié)束后的200~500 ms。

其次, 要刪去注視和眼跳的極端數(shù)據(jù)。注視時眼睛并不是穩(wěn)定不動, 而是有微小的跳動, 眼跳距離只有一個字符的很小部分, 這種微小的眼跳(microsaccade)可能表示注意力的調(diào)整, 也可能是反映了眼動系統(tǒng)內(nèi)在的校正傾向。關(guān)于閱讀中微小眼跳的功能至今沒有一種合理的解釋, 它與

知覺和認(rèn)知加工之間的關(guān)系目前也沒有統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識(Engbert, 2006; Engbert & Kliegl, 2003; Martinez- Conde, Macknik, Troncoso, & Hubel, 2009)。因此在數(shù)據(jù)分析之前, 研究者會參考以往研究選定一個最小眼跳距離的標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 凡是小于該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的微小眼跳將被視為眼動記錄時的“噪音”, 在數(shù)據(jù)分析時被刪去, 或者看作是較大眼跳的一部分而被合并 (Inhoff et al.,1998)。從眼跳距離的頻率分布中可以看出微小眼跳的概率極小(見圖4), 同樣大于15~20個字符空間(4°~5°視角)的眼跳也較少, 因此在有的研究中, 大于15~20個字符空間的眼跳也被作為極端數(shù)據(jù)刪除。

同樣對于短暫注視的功能目前也沒有合理的解釋, 多數(shù)研究者認(rèn)為短暫注視并不受即時的認(rèn)知加工過程控制, 閱讀者在短暫的注視期間并不能獲得有效信息(Rayner & Pollatsek, 1989; Inhoff, Briihl & Schwarz,1996), 因此在數(shù)據(jù)分析之前需要刪去短暫注視。關(guān)于短暫注視的界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有一定差異, 早期有研究者將50 ms以下的注視界定為短暫注視 (Inhoff et al., 1996), 由圖4可見, 小于100 ms的注視在眼動記錄中概率很小, 因此也有研究將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限定在70~100 ms(Vitu, O’Regan, & Mittau, 1990)。當(dāng)前國內(nèi)外閱讀的眼動研究中一般都采用80 ms這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (Reingold, Yang, & Rayner, 2010; Slattery, Angele, & Rayner, 2011; Chen & Huang, 2012; van Gompela, Pickering, Pearson, & Liversedge, 2005; 白學(xué)軍等, 2011; 陳慶榮等, 2010; 任桂琴, 韓玉昌, 于澤, 2012)。也有研究者認(rèn)為中文閱讀中, 似乎短注視點相對英文更多, 因此將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定為60ms (Wang, Chen, Yang, & Mo, 2008; Yang, Wang,Tong, & Rayner, 2012; 王穂蘋, 佟秀紅, 楊錦綿, 冷英, 2009)。如果小于刪除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的注視與之前或之后的注視處在一個字符空間內(nèi), 就將這兩個注視時間合并作為一次注視, 否則就將短暫注視刪去。需要說明的是, 如果有的研究在計算注視時間時將眼跳時間包含在內(nèi), 那么短暫注視的界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就要更長, 而且, 當(dāng)對語言加工過程進行研究時, 相對較高的界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能更有利, 因為有研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 140 ms及其短于140 ms的注視不受閱讀材料的詞匯特征的影響(McConkie, Reddix, & Zola, 1992)。時間在1000 ms以上的注視點幾乎不存在(見圖4), 如果在眼動數(shù)據(jù)中出現(xiàn)1000 ms以上的注視點, 極有可能

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圖4 注視時間和向前眼跳距離的頻率分布(來自Rayner, 1998) 注：注視時間以毫秒為單位, 眼跳距離以字符空間為單位。

是儀器誤差導(dǎo)致, 因此也被作為極端數(shù)據(jù)刪除。另外, 也有研究將平均注視時間的兩個或三個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差作為刪除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Rayner et al., 2010), 大于和小于兩個或三個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的注視時間和眼跳距離作為極端數(shù)據(jù)刪除。

需要說明的是, 不管是眼跳距離還是注視時間, 在選擇極端數(shù)據(jù)的刪除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時, 研究者需要特別謹(jǐn)慎, 因為不同的刪除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將對數(shù)據(jù)的最終解釋效果產(chǎn)生較大影響, 比如, 在有的研究數(shù)據(jù)中, 注視時間的刪除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為50 ms時, 最終數(shù)據(jù)的效應(yīng)值可能不顯著, 但是如果刪除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)界定為140 ms時效應(yīng)值可能會非常顯著。目前在閱讀的眼動研究中仍無統(tǒng)一的刪除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 5.3 眼動指標(biāo)的選擇

如何針對不同的研究目的, 選取適當(dāng)而有效的眼動指標(biāo)并對其進行分析是眼動分析法的關(guān)鍵。選擇合適的眼動指標(biāo), 要根據(jù)研究內(nèi)容和研究目的而定。同時如上文所講每一個眼動指標(biāo)都有其適用的范圍和優(yōu)缺點, 因此在研究中只使用某一個或某一類指標(biāo)是有局限性的, 應(yīng)該綜合使用多種眼動指標(biāo), 從不同維度對數(shù)據(jù)進行細(xì)致分析。

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞：閱讀研究中的主要眼動指標(biāo)評述，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。