本文關(guān)鍵詞： 民國山東 中等教育 何思源 韓復(fù)榘　出處：《首都師范大學(xué)》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：中國的現(xiàn)代教育體系,從晚清新政改革開始建立。1922年,北京政府頒布了《壬戌學(xué)制》,標(biāo)志著中國現(xiàn)代教育經(jīng)過奠基期和初步發(fā)展階段逐漸走向成熟,并形成了有自己特色的教育體系。那么,這以后中國教育具體的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r究竟如何?筆者想通過家鄉(xiāng)山東省19281937年中等教育的考察,展示中國現(xiàn)代教育的實(shí)際發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。 山東有著悠久文化和教育傳統(tǒng),在中國教育發(fā)展史上有極其重要的地位。隨著清末民初“廢科舉、興新學(xué)”運(yùn)動的興起,時(shí)任山東巡撫的袁世凱,在山東率先辦起了官立的新式學(xué)堂,山東也成了清末教育改革的首倡之省。1901年山東大學(xué)堂的成立,標(biāo)志著山東現(xiàn)代意義上的教育體系開始形成,起步在全國較早,為山東新式教育的發(fā)展打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。山東進(jìn)入北洋軍閥統(tǒng)治時(shí)期后,教育體制、教育方針經(jīng)過進(jìn)一步改革,教育事業(yè)得以獲得進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。但軍閥統(tǒng)治者窮兵黷武,連年混戰(zhàn)、摧殘民生,山東的教育經(jīng)費(fèi)得不到保障,經(jīng)費(fèi)常被侵吞挪用,某種程度上又阻礙了山東教育持續(xù)健康的發(fā)展。 1928年6月,國民黨山東省政府在泰安成立,標(biāo)志著國民政府在山東統(tǒng)治的開始。至1937年抗日戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā),山東論陷前后近十年時(shí)間里,山東社會逐漸走向穩(wěn)定,這為山東中等教育的持續(xù)發(fā)展提供了契機(jī)。國民政府山東省教育廳通過一系列教育法令、法規(guī)的頒布實(shí)施,以及教育工作者的不懈努力,使山東教育在此時(shí)期獲得了很大發(fā)展。這是山東教育史上精彩的一頁。這種發(fā)展,不僅表現(xiàn)在教育內(nèi)容的改革、教育體制的變化和教育部門、機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)置上,還表現(xiàn)在教育經(jīng)費(fèi)的增加上。教育支出在財(cái)政總支出中的比例,雖還比不上軍費(fèi)、政費(fèi)的支出,但卻在國民政府統(tǒng)治前期曾達(dá)到10%左右的水平,不能不說是一大進(jìn)步。 本文主要分六個(gè)部分展開論述： 緒論部分闡述了本課題選題緣起及意義、研究的現(xiàn)狀、研究的方法,簡明介紹了本課題的論文基本結(jié)構(gòu)。 第一章：“1928—1937年的山東中等教育發(fā)展的背景”,以時(shí)間順序?yàn)榫�索,根據(jù)社會發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,從三個(gè)方面來展開論述,著重介紹這段時(shí)期內(nèi)山東發(fā)展中等教育的政策、措施。正是基于這些方針、政策,才使得山東中等教育取得長足的進(jìn)步,中等教育的規(guī)模、數(shù)量、質(zhì)量都取得了顯著提高。 第二章：“中等教育的改革與調(diào)整”,簡要探討了1928—-1937年山東中等教育管理體系及中等教育布局的調(diào)整情形。合理的結(jié)構(gòu)和布局為這一時(shí)期山東中等教育的發(fā)展提供了保障。 第三章：“1928—1937年中等教育的發(fā)展”,本章是本文的主體部分,分門別類地介紹了包括普通中學(xué)教育、師范教育、職業(yè)教育與私立教育在內(nèi)的廣義的中等教育。通過整體研究與個(gè)案研究相結(jié)合、圖表與統(tǒng)計(jì)表相結(jié)合的方法,本章深入分析民國時(shí)期山東中等教育發(fā)展概況。這些教育形式在不同程度上對該時(shí)期山東中等教育的發(fā)展做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。 第四章：“山東中等教育經(jīng)費(fèi)探討”,本章主要對教育經(jīng)費(fèi)的來源和使用作了詳細(xì)的敘述。教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入的多寡,反映了政府對教育的支持程度�？箲�(zhàn)前十年山東的教育經(jīng)費(fèi)一直比較穩(wěn)定,管理也比較規(guī)范,逐漸形成了教育經(jīng)費(fèi)的籌措、管理及分配體制。從而使山東中等教育的發(fā)展有了穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)濟(jì)后盾。 第五章：“山東中等教育的學(xué)制、課程及師資概況”,對該時(shí)期山東中等教育進(jìn)行橫向剖析,從而再現(xiàn)了民國政府統(tǒng)治時(shí)期山東中等學(xué)校辦學(xué)理念及辦學(xué)特色,1922年新學(xué)制的頒布是民國時(shí)期中等教育的分水嶺,最后教育部門對課程設(shè)置進(jìn)行了調(diào)整。師資狀況歷來受到國民政府教育部和辦學(xué)者的注重,山東省更是對中等學(xué)校教師的資格進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)格的檢定。中等學(xué)校教師的待遇也顯著提高。這一時(shí)期,山東中等學(xué)校的校園文化豐富多彩,本文主要就中等學(xué)校校園文化、課外活動等方面展開論述。 最后,對該十年山東中等教育發(fā)展進(jìn)行反思,通過總結(jié)山東中等教育的特點(diǎn)、成就及存在的問題等方面來揭示在當(dāng)時(shí)環(huán)境下,山東教育得以恢復(fù)和發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動力和規(guī)律,以期為今天的教育事業(yè)提供一些有益的經(jīng)驗(yàn)借鑒。
[Abstract]:Chinese the modern education system, to set up.1922 years from the new deal reform in the late Qing Dynasty, the Beijing government promulgated the "renxu school system", marks the China modern education through the foundation stage and the preliminary stage of development gradually mature, and has formed its own characteristics of the education system. Then, after this Chinese education situation how specific development I think? By examining the hometown in Shandong province 19281937 years of secondary education, Chinese show the actual situation of the development of modern education.
Shandong has a long tradition of culture and education, has the extremely important status in the history of the development of education China. With "the abolition of the imperial examination at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the rise and rise of new learning" movement, when he was governor of Shandong Yuan Shikai, in Shandong to set up new school of government, Shandong has become the establishment of education reform in the late Qing Dynasty to the.1901 University of Shandong, marking the Shandong modern education system began to form, starting earlier in the country, to lay a solid foundation for the development of Shandong modern education system in Shandong. In the period of the northern warlords, education, education policy after further education reform, to get further development. But the warlords the rulers of militarism, years of fighting, destroying the livelihood of the people, Shandong education funds are not guaranteed, misappropriation of funds were often diverted to some extent hindered the sustainable and healthy development of education in Shandong Show.
In June 1928, the Kuomintang Shandong province government was established in Tai'an, marking the national government at the beginning of the rule of Shandong. In 1937 to the outbreak of the Anti Japanese War, Shandong on depression after nearly ten years, Shandong society gradually move toward stability, which provides an opportunity for the continuous development of secondary education in Shandong. The National Government Education Department of Shandong Province, through a series of education the promulgation and implementation of laws, regulations, and the tireless efforts of educators, the Shandong education in this period has achieved great development. This is a wonderful page in the history of education in Shandong. This development, not only in the content of education reform, changes in the education system and education departments, institutions, is also reflected in the increase of education the funds on education spending in the proportion of total fiscal expenditure, although far less than the military, government's expenditure, but in the national government period had reached a level of about 10%, not Not to say is a great progress.
This article is mainly divided into six parts:
The introduction part expounds the origin and significance of the topic, the status of the research, the method of research, and briefly introduces the basic structure of the thesis.
The first chapter: "the development of secondary education in Shandong from 1928 to 1937 in the background", chronologically, according to the development of society, from three aspects, introduced in the period of Shandong secondary education development policies and measures. It is based on these principles, policies, which makes the secondary education in Shandong great progress, the number of secondary education, scale and quality have been significantly improved.
The second chapter: "the reform and adjustment of secondary education", briefly discussed the adjustment of secondary education management system and secondary education layout in Shandong from 1928 to -1937. Reasonable structure and layout provided a guarantee for the development of secondary education in Shandong during this period.
The third chapter: "1928 - 1937 secondary education development", this chapter is the main part of this paper introduces be arranged including high schools education, normal education, occupation education and private education, general secondary education. Through the combination of research and case studies the whole method, charts and tables are combined, the chapter overview of the development of secondary education in Shandong during the Republic of China. These forms of education in different extent on the development of Shandong during the period of secondary education has made tremendous contributions.
The fourth chapter: "discussion" funds of secondary education in Shandong, the main source of funds for education and use are discussed in detail. The amount of investment in education funding reflects the degree of government support for education. Ten years before the Anti Japanese War of the Shandong education fund management has been relatively stable, relatively standardized, gradually raising education funding, management and distribution system. So that the development of secondary education in Shandong has a stable economic backing.
The fifth chapter: "Shandong secondary education system of" curriculum and teaching, in the period of Shandong secondary education horizontal analysis, so as to reproduce the government of the Republic of Shandong during the reign of middle school educational concept and characteristics, the promulgation of the new educational system in 1922 is a watershed in the period of the Republic of China in education, the Education Department of the curriculum for the the teacher status has been adjusted. The national Ministry of education and the government of Shandong Province, more scholars pay attention to, the qualification of secondary school teachers to carry out strict verification. Middle school teachers pay also increased significantly. During this period, Shandong middle school campus culture is rich and colorful, this paper mainly discusses the middle school campus culture. Extracurricular activities and so on.
Finally, reflect on the ten years of the Shandong secondary education development, through summarizing the characteristics of secondary education in Shandong, achievements and problems to reveal the environment at that time, Shandong education is the inherent power and rule of recovery and development, to provide some useful reference for today's education.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：G529;K263

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