【摘要】：書院作為中國古代的一種常見教育機構(gòu),是私人或官府設(shè)立的聚徒講授、研究學(xué)問的場所,尤其在明清時期成為社會教育不可或缺的重要組織形式。本文通過對明清時期漢江流域書院的具體考證及考察其發(fā)展特點,對漢江流域書院與地方社會之間的良性互動進行探究,擬總結(jié)明清時期漢江流域書院的發(fā)展歷程及其所產(chǎn)生的重要社會作用。筆者先對宋元時期漢江流域書院的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r進行統(tǒng)計,并做一定的對比分析,旨在理清明清時期漢江流域書院發(fā)展的潛在基礎(chǔ)。明代是漢江流域書院發(fā)展的高峰,通過對漢江流域書院數(shù)目的統(tǒng)計以及書院時空分布的分析,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)明代漢江流域書院發(fā)展具有時間上呈現(xiàn)階段性發(fā)展和區(qū)域上呈現(xiàn)不均衡發(fā)展的特性。時間上的階段發(fā)展主要是受到明代文教政策、王湛之學(xué)推動的影響。而省會、府城的政治作用,社會經(jīng)濟、地方交通狀況,特殊的社會環(huán)境等因素是造成書院地域不均衡發(fā)展的重要原因。清代漢江流域的書院建設(shè)比明代更為繁盛,也存在著階段性發(fā)展與地域不均衡發(fā)展的特色。清廷書院政策的前后變化與國勢的強弱轉(zhuǎn)換是造成清代漢江流域書院階段性發(fā)展的主因,而各地社會經(jīng)濟狀況的不同是書院地域發(fā)展不平衡的關(guān)鍵因素。明清時期,漢江流域書院的官學(xué)化趨勢不斷深化。官辦書院無論在數(shù)目上還是規(guī)模上,都占據(jù)首要地位。各級官員也通過創(chuàng)辦書院、捐置財物、參與管理等諸多形式與書院發(fā)生千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系,主導(dǎo)著書院的官學(xué)化。書院建筑是書院進行教學(xué)、生活和管理的重要物質(zhì)形式,其選址十分審慎,綜合各種因素考慮；空間布局嚴謹,既莊嚴又不失活潑。而且漢江流域書院建筑形式蘊涵著深刻內(nèi)涵,不僅體現(xiàn)“天人合一”“禮樂相成”,也深具追求高尚品質(zhì)的精神。內(nèi)部管理是書院日常運行中的重要一環(huán)。漢江流域書院經(jīng)過明清時期幾百年的不斷發(fā)展,其管理機制逐漸完善,形成了一套成熟的管理體系。主要有山長負責(zé)制的單核管理模式,山長齋長相結(jié)合的雙核管理模式以及以董事會為主導(dǎo)的聯(lián)合管理模式。明清時期漢江流域書院經(jīng)費來源廣泛,經(jīng)費使用途徑多樣,也形成了以齋長為主要管理人員的管理機制。明清時期漢江流域書院在生徒選拔標(biāo)準、生徒來源、生徒數(shù)額等頗具特色,其教學(xué)形式以考課為主,而教學(xué)內(nèi)容又各具地方特征。書院與地方文教的互動關(guān)系研究至關(guān)重要,以二者之間的關(guān)系展開研究,更能體現(xiàn)書院在地方社會文化教育上的重要影響,書院與進士數(shù)的相關(guān)系分析即為明證。同時,書院成為社會教化的主要場所,書院的講學(xué)、祭祀等活動對于傳播儒家文化和擴大文化普及范圍,對于促進區(qū)域文化的發(fā)展起到不可替代的重要作用。這些形式也對推行社會主義核心價值觀有著借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:As a common educational institution in ancient China, academies were set up by private or government officials to teach and study knowledge, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which became an indispensable organizational form of social education. This paper explores the positive interaction between the academies in the Han River Basin and the local society through the specific textual research and investigation of the development characteristics of the academies in the Han River Basin during the Ming and Qing dynasties. This paper summarizes the development course and important social function of Han River Basin Academy in Ming and Qing dynasties. The author first makes statistics on the development of academies in the Han River Basin in Song and Yuan dynasties and makes some comparative analysis in order to clarify the potential basis of the development of academies in the Han River Basin in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Ming Dynasty was the peak of the development of academies in the Hanjiang River Basin. Through the statistics of the number of academies in the Hanjiang River Basin and the analysis of the space-time distribution of the academies, It can be found that the development of academies in the Han River Basin in Ming Dynasty has the characteristics of stage development in time and uneven development in region. The stage of development in time was mainly influenced by the cultural and educational policy of Ming Dynasty and the promotion of Wang Zhan's study. The political function, social economy, local transportation condition and special social environment of provincial capital and Fucheng are the important reasons for the unbalanced development of the academy. The construction of academies in the Han River Valley in Qing Dynasty was more prosperous than that in Ming Dynasty. The changes before and after the Qing Dynasty Academy policy and the change of the strength of the country are the main reasons for the gradual development of the academies in the Han River Basin in the Qing Dynasty, and the differences in the social and economic conditions are the key factors for the unbalanced development of the academies in the region. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the trend of official learning in the Hanjiang River Basin was deepened. State-run academies occupy the primary position in both number and scale. Officials at all levels also through the establishment of academies, donations of property, participation in management and many other forms and colleges have been inextricably linked, leading the Academy of official learning. College architecture is an important material form of teaching, living and management of the academy. Its location is very careful and takes all kinds of factors into consideration. The space layout is strict, solemn and lively. Moreover, the architectural form of academies in the Hanjiang River Basin contains profound connotation, which not only embodies the unity of nature and man, but also embodies the spirit of pursuing noble quality. Internal management is an important part of the college's daily operation. After several hundred years of development in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the management mechanism of the academies in the Hanjiang River Basin was gradually improved, forming a set of mature management system. There are the mono-core management mode of the chief responsibility system, the dual-core management mode combined with the director of Shan Changzhai, and the joint management mode led by the board of directors. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Han River Valley Academy had a wide range of sources of funding and various ways of using it, which also formed a management mechanism with Zhai as the main manager. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the selection standard, the source and the number of students in the Han River Basin Academy were quite distinctive. Its teaching form was mainly the examination course, and the teaching content had its own local characteristics. It is very important to study the interactive relationship between academy and local culture and education. The study on the relationship between them can reflect the important influence of college on local social culture and education. The analysis of the relationship between academy and number of scholars is clear proof. At the same time, the academy has become the main place of social education. The activities such as lectures, sacrifices and other activities play an irreplaceable role in spreading Confucian culture and expanding the scope of cultural popularization, and in promoting the development of regional culture. These forms also have reference significance for carrying out socialist core values.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：G649.299

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