本文選題：大學生 + 就業(yè)難�。� 參考：《山東大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：我國的高等教育已經(jīng)從精英教育發(fā)展到大眾化階段。隨著高校大規(guī)模的擴招,就業(yè)市場上大學生的供需比例發(fā)生持續(xù)變化,雖然我國保持了較高的經(jīng)濟增速并且創(chuàng)造了數(shù)量龐大的就業(yè)崗位,但是經(jīng)受著計劃經(jīng)濟向市場經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變的陣痛,大學生就業(yè)難依然成為社會普遍關(guān)注的問題之一,它的存在引發(fā)了社會的深刻憂慮,因為就業(yè)是民生之本,如果就業(yè)問題解決不好,則容易使大學生初入社會就產(chǎn)生抱怨情緒,容易誘發(fā)各種不滿,最終不利于社會的和諧穩(wěn)定。同時,大學生就業(yè)也是衡量高等教育質(zhì)量好壞的重要標準,直接關(guān)系著我國高等教育改革的相關(guān)進程。解決好大學生就業(yè)問題是高等教育堅持內(nèi)涵式發(fā)展,增強社會服務(wù)能力的重要體現(xiàn)。 從大學生就業(yè)難的分類上來看,可以分為機構(gòu)性就業(yè)難、觀念性就業(yè)難、體制性就業(yè)難三類。三種類型的就業(yè)難,都體現(xiàn)著政府行為的精神,從高等教育運行的規(guī)律來看,作為調(diào)配市場資源行為主體的政府是解決大學生就業(yè)難問題的重要主體。政府能在更廣泛的范圍之內(nèi)調(diào)配教育資源,對持續(xù)改進高等教育,不斷加強對高等教育運行的監(jiān)督意義重大。目前來看,政府在大學生就業(yè)問題上的表現(xiàn)可以分為作為不力和有心無力兩種狀態(tài)。首先需要政府有所作為的領(lǐng)域,由于資金支持不到位和政策失位等原因,大學生就業(yè)難的路徑得不到保證；其次在某些領(lǐng)域由于政府過分干預(yù),高等教育喪失了其應(yīng)有的獨立性,無法得到健康的發(fā)展；最后,高等教育領(lǐng)域的市場化是把“雙刃劍”,過度市場化容易違背高等教育發(fā)展的自身規(guī)律,容易干預(yù)到大學的學術(shù)自由,如果不進行市場化改革,單純依靠財政撥款,政府會顯得力不從心。 解決大學生就業(yè)難的問題需要多方的重視和關(guān)注,從行為主體上看,學校、大學生、政府等都可能成為其行為主體,學校的力量是有限的,在整合社會資源方面力量不足；從公共政策的角度來說,學校是教育政策的執(zhí)行者,無法在更高的層面解決大學生就業(yè)問題,只能從提高大學生自身素質(zhì),增強其適應(yīng)社會能力方面進行培養(yǎng)。作為就業(yè)主體的大學生在整個就業(yè)過程中處于被動的地位,往往由于自身素質(zhì)不能與用人單位的需求相匹配、所受教育無法跟上時代形式而被迫做出就業(yè)選擇,這變相導致了畢業(yè)生資源扎堆某些行業(yè)領(lǐng)域,加劇了大學生就業(yè)難的形勢。 政府在大學生就業(yè)難問題上的表現(xiàn)為兩種形式：作為不力和有心無力。許多該由政府出資建設(shè)的領(lǐng)域政府沒有及時跟進,高等教育受困于投入不足而出現(xiàn)質(zhì)量下滑的趨勢,大學課程設(shè)置的內(nèi)容與市場化的聯(lián)系緊密與否都有可能導致高等教育培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量的變化,而大學生培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量的降低將會直接導致就業(yè)難問題的加劇。政府在高等教育的許多領(lǐng)域是有心無力的,大學生就業(yè)難現(xiàn)狀的存在也是在考驗政府與市場、學術(shù)自由、大學自治的距離,作為辦學主體的政府不能完全依靠市場的調(diào)節(jié)。 破解大學生就業(yè)難的問題需要從公共政策分析的角度進行解讀,首先,政府應(yīng)該具備清楚的角色定位,做好掌舵者、資源投入者和引導者,在廣泛的范圍內(nèi)更好地實現(xiàn)社會公平。其次,政府要引導社會和第三方組織合理地評價高等教育,對高等教育的發(fā)展和定位起到積極的引導作用,盡量避免高校盲目升級、擴張合并而忽視教育質(zhì)量的行為。最后,政府要營造正視和解決大學生就業(yè)問題的有利氛圍,合理引導高校資源配置和高等教育的發(fā)展,只有這樣才能最終解決大學生就業(yè)難的問題。
[Abstract]:The higher education in China has developed from the elite education to the popular stage. With the large-scale enrollment expansion of the University, the proportion of the supply and demand of college students in the employment market has changed continuously. Although China has maintained a high economic growth rate and created a large number of jobs, it is suffering from the pain of changing the planned economy to the market economy. The difficult employment of college students is still one of the common concerns of the society. Its existence has caused profound social anxiety, because employment is the foundation of the people's livelihood. If the employment problem is not solved well, it will easily cause the students to enter the society to produce complaints, easily induce various discontent, and ultimately disadvantageous to the social harmony and stability. Meanwhile, College Students Employment is also an important standard to measure the quality of higher education. It is directly related to the process of higher education reform in China. To solve the problem of College Students' employment is an important embodiment of the insisting on the connotation development of higher education and enhancing the ability of social service.
From the classification of the difficult employment of college students, it can be divided into three categories: Institutional employment difficulty, conceptual employment difficult, and institutional employment difficult. The three types of employment difficulties all reflect the spirit of government behavior. From the law of higher education operation, the government as the main body of marketing resources is the important problem to solve the problem of College Students' employment. The government is able to allocate educational resources within a wider range, to continuously improve higher education, and to continuously strengthen the supervision of higher education operation. At present, the performance of the government on the problem of College Students' employment can be divided into two forms of incompetence and inability. In some fields, higher education has lost its due independence and can not get a healthy development. Finally, the market of higher education is a "double-edged sword", and the overmarketization is easy to violate high. The law of the development of education can easily interfere with the academic freedom of the University. If the reform of the market is not carried out, the government will not be able to rely solely on the financial appropriation.
To solve the problem of College Students' difficulty in employment needs more attention and attention. From the subject of behavior, schools, college students, government and so on may become the main body of behavior. The strength of the school is limited and the strength of the social resources is insufficient. From the point of view of public policy, the school is the executive of the education policy and can not be in the higher level. In order to solve the problem of College Students' employment, the students can only improve their own quality and improve their social ability. As the main body of employment, the college students are in a passive position in the whole process of employment, often because their own qualities can not match the needs of the employers, and the education can not keep up with the form of the times. Making employment choices, this disguise led to the accumulation of graduates resources in certain industries, and exacerbated the difficult employment situation of college students.
The government's performance on the problem of College Students' employment is two forms: poor and weak. Many of the government funded areas have not been in time to follow up, higher education is trapped in the shortage of investment and the trend of quality decline. The link between the content of the university curriculum and the marketization is likely to lead to The quality of higher education is changed, and the reduction of the quality of college students will lead to the aggravation of the problem of employment. The government is weak in many fields of higher education. The existence of the present situation of the difficult employment of college students is also a test of the distance between the government and the market, the academic freedom and the autonomy of the school, and the government can not be the main body of the school. It depends on the regulation of the market.
The problem of solving the problem of College Students' employment needs to be interpreted from the perspective of public policy analysis. First, the government should have a clear role, a good steer, a resource input and a guide to better realize social fairness in a wide range. Secondly, the government should guide the society and the third Party organizations to reasonably evaluate the higher education, The development and orientation of higher education plays a positive role in guiding the university to avoid blindly upgrading and expanding the merger and neglecting the quality of education. Finally, the government should create a favorable atmosphere to face and solve the problem of College Students' employment, and rationally guide the allocation of university resources and the development of higher education. Only in this way can the university finally solve the University. The problem of the difficult employment of students.

【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：G647.38;D630

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