【摘要】：近年來,隨著社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的蓬勃發(fā)展,我國民眾的物質(zhì)、精神和文化生活水平不斷提高,體育鍛煉成為他們追求健康生活的一種方式。然而,有限的場(chǎng)館資源和不斷增加的鍛煉需求之間的“供需矛盾”日益嚴(yán)峻。為緩解此矛盾,促進(jìn)全民健身運(yùn)動(dòng)的開展,國家和地方政府先后出臺(tái)了相關(guān)政策鼓勵(lì)中小學(xué)體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放。中小學(xué)體育場(chǎng)館開放不僅能夠?yàn)槊癖妿肀憷?而且突顯了學(xué)校的社會(huì)責(zé)任感,增加了學(xué)校與社會(huì)的互動(dòng),促進(jìn)了學(xué)校的多樣性發(fā)展。但是,多方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)致使中小學(xué)體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放長效機(jī)制的建立一再放緩,如何科學(xué)管理這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成為研究中小學(xué)體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放的關(guān)注點(diǎn)。本研究以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理原理與方法為理論基礎(chǔ),以上海市17個(gè)區(qū)向社會(huì)開放體育場(chǎng)館的部分中小學(xué)作為調(diào)研對(duì)象。通過文獻(xiàn)資料研究法、問卷調(diào)查法、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)法和邏輯分析法,從可能性、嚴(yán)重程度、可控性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)量四個(gè)指標(biāo)評(píng)估上海市中小學(xué)體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的水平并分析國家、社會(huì)、學(xué)校和個(gè)人四個(gè)層面應(yīng)對(duì)措施的重要性。通過研究結(jié)果得到以下結(jié)論:第一,上海市中小學(xué)體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放的各類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中環(huán)境、財(cái)產(chǎn)和人身安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是可能性高發(fā)的三類風(fēng)險(xiǎn),責(zé)任、日常管理和人身安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是高嚴(yán)重程度的三類風(fēng)險(xiǎn),責(zé)任、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全和環(huán)境安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是控制難度較大的三類風(fēng)險(xiǎn);責(zé)任、環(huán)境安全和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)量水平排位較高,但都處于中低等級(jí),校方可通過自留或者轉(zhuǎn)移的策略進(jìn)行應(yīng)對(duì)。第二,不同類別學(xué)校在體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平評(píng)估中存在差異,主要表現(xiàn)在日常管理、人身安全和環(huán)境安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的可能性評(píng)估方面;有償經(jīng)營、人身安全、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全和環(huán)境安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)估方面;日常管理、有償經(jīng)營、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全和環(huán)境安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的可控性評(píng)估方面。這些差異源于不同類別學(xué)校在學(xué)校規(guī)模、器材設(shè)施和學(xué)生發(fā)展條件等方面的差別。第三,學(xué)校在不同層面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對(duì)措施中各有側(cè)重。在政府層面,學(xué)校高度重視責(zé)任范圍劃分和政府投保兩項(xiàng)措施;在社會(huì)層面,學(xué)校側(cè)重輿論宣傳、提高民眾文明健身意識(shí)和誠信合作兩項(xiàng)措施;在個(gè)人層面,學(xué)�？粗孛癖娨�(guī)范校內(nèi)行為和增強(qiáng)校內(nèi)人員安全意識(shí)的兩項(xiàng)措施。同時(shí),學(xué)校注重通過建立切實(shí)可行的突發(fā)應(yīng)急方案,劃分教學(xué)區(qū)與開放區(qū),更新開放時(shí)間,加強(qiáng)文明鍛煉宣傳力度和加強(qiáng)校內(nèi)人員安全教育與管理來降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。第四,政府和學(xué)校層面的應(yīng)對(duì)措施受到政策、制度等宏觀因素和學(xué)校特征等具體因素的影響,不同類別學(xué)校對(duì)它們的評(píng)估情況有所不同。針對(duì)研究結(jié)果,筆者提出以下建議:第一,上海市中小學(xué)可以建立體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放的校本數(shù)據(jù)庫,依據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)的調(diào)整,以減小環(huán)境、財(cái)產(chǎn)和人身安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生的機(jī)率,降低責(zé)任、日常管理和人身安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的嚴(yán)重程度,側(cè)重對(duì)責(zé)任、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全和環(huán)境安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的控制,加強(qiáng)責(zé)任、環(huán)境安全和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)整體的防范與應(yīng)對(duì)。第二,上海市中小學(xué)應(yīng)關(guān)注存在評(píng)估差異的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),通過分析原因,制定有有效對(duì)策來降低甚至消除差異,促進(jìn)學(xué)校體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放的和諧統(tǒng)一發(fā)展。第三,國家和地方政府在制定政策時(shí)應(yīng)將不同類別學(xué)校的特點(diǎn)納入考慮,避免出現(xiàn)過于宏觀而缺乏區(qū)域特征的情況。學(xué)校要結(jié)合國家、社會(huì)的大環(huán)境,依據(jù)校本特點(diǎn)制定符合自身特色的體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。第四,學(xué)�？赏ㄟ^便捷的信息渠道,開設(shè)不同的信息平臺(tái),比如:“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+體育場(chǎng)館向社會(huì)開放”的模式。校方可以充分利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)資源及時(shí)向民眾及時(shí)更新體育場(chǎng)館信息,提供器材使用說明以及鍛煉須知等內(nèi)容,增加便民服務(wù),將空出的人力資源調(diào)配到對(duì)主觀能動(dòng)性要求更強(qiáng)的應(yīng)對(duì)程序中。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the vigorous development of social economy, the people's material, spiritual and cultural living standards continue to improve, physical exercise has become a way of their pursuit of a healthy life. However, the "contradiction between supply and demand" between the limited resources of venues and the increasing demand for exercise has become increasingly serious. With the development of the movement, the state and local governments have issued relevant policies to encourage the opening of sports venues in primary and secondary schools to the public. The opening of sports venues in primary and secondary schools can not only bring convenience to the public, but also highlight the sense of social responsibility of schools, increase the interaction between schools and society, and promote the diversified development of schools. How to manage these risks scientifically has become the focus of the study on the opening of sports venues to the public. This study is based on the theory and method of risk management, and takes some primary and secondary schools in 17 districts of Shanghai as an example. Through literature research, questionnaire survey, mathematical statistics and logical analysis, this paper evaluates the level of risk of opening up sports venues to the public in Shanghai's primary and secondary schools from four indicators: possibility, severity, controllability and risk, and analyzes the importance of countermeasures at the four levels of the state, society, schools and individuals. The results are as follows: Firstly, the risks of environment, property and personal safety are the three kinds of risks which are highly likely to occur. Responsibility, daily management and personal safety are the three kinds of risks with high severity. Responsibility, property safety and environmental safety are difficult to control. There are three kinds of risk: responsibility, environmental safety and property safety risk rank high, but they are in the middle and low level, and the school can deal with them through the strategy of self-retention or transfer. Secondly, there are differences in the risk assessment of different types of schools in the stadium opening to the community, mainly in the daily management, personal safety. These differences stem from the size of schools, equipment and facilities, and the development of students in different types of schools. Thirdly, schools have different emphasis on different levels of risk response measures. At the government level, schools attach great importance to the scope of responsibility and the government insurance two measures; at the social level, schools focus on publicity, improve public awareness of civilized fitness and integrity of cooperation two measures; at the individual level, schools value At the same time, the school pays attention to reducing the risk by establishing feasible emergency plans, dividing the teaching area and the open area, renewing the opening time, strengthening the propaganda of civilized exercise and strengthening the safety education and management of school personnel. In view of the research results, the author puts forward the following suggestions: First, Shanghai primary and secondary schools can establish a school-based database of sports venues open to the public, and act according to the database. Secondly, primary and secondary schools in Shanghai should pay more attention to the responsibility, property and environmental security risks. There is a risk of evaluating differences, and through analysis of the reasons, effective countermeasures should be formulated to reduce or even eliminate the differences and promote the harmonious and unified development of school sports venues to open to the public. Thirdly, the state and local governments should take into account the characteristics of different types of schools in formulating policies, so as to avoid over-macro and lack of regional characteristics. The school should combine the national and social environment and formulate the measures to open to the public in accordance with its own characteristics according to the characteristics of the school. Fourth, schools can set up different information platforms through convenient information channels, such as "Internet + sports venues open to the public" mode. The school can make full use of the Internet. Network resources timely update the information of stadiums and gymnasiums to the public, provide equipment instructions and exercise instructions, increase convenience services, the allocation of spare human resources to the more subjective initiative requirements of the response process.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海體育學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G818

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