本文關鍵詞：利益集團與美國匯率政策調整　出處：《吉林大學》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 利益集團 美國 匯率政策 結盟游說 “院外援華集團”

【摘要】：作為開放條件下的宏觀經濟政策的重要組成部分，匯率政策原本是國際經濟學研究的重要課題。但這些研究未能考慮到政治因素的重要性，因而存在著嚴重缺陷。事實上，匯率政策本質上是一種收入再分配政策：一方面，它在國內不同利益集團之間產生“收入再分配”效應。面對利益格局的變化，，“贏家”和“輸家”會動員其經濟和政治資源，以尋求對決策當局的匯率政策施加影響，直至達到新的利益平衡。另一方面，一國特別是大國的匯率政策會產生重要的“外溢效果”，從而在國內外不同利益集團之間產生“收入再分配”效應。與之相關的“贏家”和“輸家”也會為謀求自身利益的最大化做出努力�？梢�，匯率政策既是一個經濟問題，又是一個政治問題；不僅是一個政治經濟學問題，更是一個國際政治經濟學問題。 依循這一思路，本文從利益集團的角度，運用理論分析與實證分析相結合、邏輯分析與歷史分析相結合、整體分析與案例分析相結合的研究方法，研究布雷頓森林體系以來的美國匯率政策調整，考察的對象包括美國匯率政策的決策機制及特征、美國匯率政策制定與調整中所涉及的利益集團、布雷頓森林體系下的利益集團與美國匯率政策的調整、后布雷頓森林體系下的利益集團行為與美國匯率政策的調整、利益集團的活動與美國對華匯率外交。本文的根本目的旨在解決三個方面的問題：第一，思考美國匯率政策的決策機制、決策過程的政治經濟特征及政策調整的邏輯；第二，思考美國的貨幣政治和匯率外交；第三，思考美國匯率政策的外溢效果及外圍國家的應對策略。 除“導論”外，論文共分為6章。第1章“美國匯率政策的決策機制及特征”，首先利用政治學理論中的結構—功能論和系統(tǒng)論的方法，用“初始條件”、“政策輸入”、“政策決策”、“政策輸出”、“政治體制”、“國際政治經濟格局”六要素，刻畫出政府政策制定與決策過程的一般框架。在此基礎上，從制度化程度和分權化程度兩個方面將美國政治體制的性質簡潔地概括為“依托制度代理關系的權力共享”。論文隨后給出了美國匯率政策決策過程的政治經濟特征：作為立法機構的國會對政府的匯率政策擁有監(jiān)督權；作為行政機構的財政部與作為獨立部門的美聯儲之間的非對稱合作是美國匯率政策決策的最重要的組織動力；作為美國政治經濟生活的重要構成，國內多元化經濟利益集團對政府匯率政策的影響力正日益凸顯；美國政府也面臨著來自外國政府和私人經濟利益集團的逐漸增長的外部約束。最后，本章總結了美國匯率政策調整的邏輯：首先，作為立法機構的國會選擇逼迫（或壓迫）財政部和美聯儲調整匯率政策的時機，主要取決于國會議員所面臨的來自國內外不同類型利益集團的壓力大小。其次，匯率政策的決策者采取的是一種“雙層博弈”策略，即要兼顧到國內和國外兩個層次的利益訴求，既不能忽視國內利益集團的訴求，又要考慮國外利益集團的態(tài)度。再次，利益集團是否有意愿、有能力推進決策者的匯率政策調整，以及在多大程度上促成該調整朝向其所期望的方向和目標，是多種因素的函數。 第2章“美國匯率政策制定與調整中的利益集團”，首先回顧了前人對利益集團的理解，并據此給出自己的定義：由對共同利益有著明確認知和訴求的成員所組成的，并以增進其成員的共同利益為動機或目的的組織或實體。隨后，論文梳理了利益集團理論的演進脈絡。在此基礎上，論文分析了與美國匯率政策密切相關的利益集團及其匯率政策偏好，并就利益集團圍繞匯率政策存在的集體行動困境展開分析。最后，運用翔實的數據分析了利益集團賴以影響美國政府匯率政策的資源和策略。 第3章“布雷頓森林體系下的利益集團與美國匯率政策調整”，首先考察了布雷頓森林體系初創(chuàng)期內“沉默的”美國利益集團，指出這一“沉默”現象源于五個方面的原因：國際貨幣政策領域的專業(yè)性；國際貨幣政策決策場所的隔絕性；政府輿論宣傳的導向性；集體行動的困境；美國經濟的相對封閉性。其次，論文考察了1963-1968年間國內外不同利益集團圍繞美國的利息平衡稅（IET）、自愿對外信貸限制計劃（VFCR）、對外直接投資計劃（FDIP）所開展的利益集團政治。最后，分析了1968-1973年間國內外利益集團的行為與尼克松治下的美國匯率政策調整。 第4章“后布雷頓森林體系下的利益集團與美國匯率政策”，首先考察了第一輪強勢美元政策給美國國內相關利益集團帶來的強烈沖擊，以及這些利益集團為此展開的密集游說。隨后，研究了第二輪強勢美元政策推行期間美國國內利益集團的集體“失聲”現象。此外，論文分析了美國金融部門利益集團在后布雷頓森林體系下對美國匯率政策的“悄然影響”。最后，對外國利益集團在美國匯率政策調整中的作為和作用進行了探討。 第5章“利益集團與美國對華匯率外交”，首先，回顧了美國對華匯率外交的緣起：人民幣低估論和匯率操縱指控；其次，考察了美國對華匯率外交中所涉及的私人經濟利益集團，分別分析了保護性經濟利益集團的結盟游說和美國反保護經濟利益集團——“院外援華集團”的聯合抵制行動；再次，研究了中國政府回應美國匯率外交的態(tài)度、策略以及對美國政府施壓的影響；最后，通過對比美元本位制下中日兩國在應對美國匯率外交壓力方面的能力強弱，揭示了美國對華匯率外交的短板。 第6章“結論與前瞻”，簡要總結了論文前面各章的主要結論，并就今后需要進一步研究的問題進行了初步的探討。
[Abstract]:As an important part of the open conditions of macroeconomic policy, exchange rate policy was an important research topic in international economics. But these studies failed to consider the importance of political factors, thus seriously flawed. In fact, the exchange rate policy is essentially a kind of income redistribution policy: on the one hand, it produces a "redistribution of income" effect in China between different interest groups. In the face of the change of interest pattern, "winners" and "losers" will mobilize its economic and political resources, to seek to influence the decision-making authorities exchange rate policy, to achieve the balance of interests of the new direct. On the other hand, a country especially big exchange rate policy will have an important the "spillover effect", resulting in "income redistribution effect between different interest groups at home and abroad. The" winners "and" losers "will seek for self benefit We should make efforts to maximize profits. We can see that exchange rate policy is both an economic issue and a political one. It's not only a political economy issue, but also an international political and economic issue.
According to this idea, this paper from the point of view of interest groups, the use of theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, logical analysis and historical analysis of combining research methods, analysis of the overall analysis and case combination, the exchange rate policy adjustment of the Bretton Woods system has been the object of study include the decision-making mechanism and characteristics of American exchange rate policy. The formulation and adjustment of the interest groups involved in the exchange rate policy, the Bretton Woods system of interest groups and the adjustment of the exchange rate policy, interest group behavior after the Bretton Woods system and the adjustment of the exchange rate policy, interest group activities and the United States to China foreign exchange rate. The fundamental purpose of this paper aims at three aspects question: first, decision-making mechanism of American exchange rate policy, political and economic characteristics and the adjustment of the policy decision process logic; second, think about America Monetary politics and exchange rate diplomacy; third, thinking about the spillover effect of the US exchange rate policy and the coping strategies of the peripheral countries.
In addition to the "Introduction", the paper is divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter "the decision mechanism and the characteristics of the exchange rate policy, the first use of political science methodology in the theory of structure function theory and system, with the" initial conditions "," policy input "," policy "," policy output. "" the political system "," the international political and economic pattern "six elements, depicts the general framework of government policy formulation and decision-making process. On this basis, from the two aspects of the system and the degree of decentralization will be the nature of American political system briefly summarized as" relying on the system of agency relationship. Then the power sharing "given the political and economic characteristics of making process of American exchange rate policy: as the legislature of the Congress has oversight of the government's exchange rate policy; non symmetry between administrative agencies as the Treasury and the Federal Reserve as an independent department Cooperation is the American exchange rate policy decision is the most important organization power; as an important part of American political and economic life, domestic interest group diversified economic influence on the government's exchange rate policy is becoming increasingly prominent; the United States government is also facing increasing external constraints from foreign governments and private economic interests. Finally, this chapter summarizes the adjustment of exchange rate policy logic: first, as the legislature Congress forced (or compression) the Treasury and the fed to adjust the exchange rate policy of the time at home and abroad from different types of interest group pressure depends mainly on the size of Congress faced. Secondly, the exchange rate policy makers to take a double game "the strategy, take into account the interests of the two levels of domestic and abroad, we can not ignore the demands of domestic interest groups, but also consider the foreign interest Interest group's attitude. Once again, whether interest groups have the will and ability to promote the adjustment of policy makers' exchange rate policy and to what extent to make the adjustment towards their desired direction and goal is a function of many factors.
The second chapter "the American exchange rate policy formulation and adjustment of the interest group", first reviews the previous understanding of the interest group, and gives the definition of their own: composed of members have a clear cognition and pursuit of common interests, and to promote the common interests of the members of the organization or entity motive or purpose then, this paper reviews the evolution of interest group theory. On this basis, the paper analyses the American exchange rate policy is closely related to the interests of the group and its exchange rate policy preferences, and interest groups around the collective action dilemma existing exchange rate policy are analyzed. Finally, using detailed data analysis for the influence of interest group of the United States government exchange rate the policy of resources and strategies.
The third chapter "the Bretton Woods system of interest groups and American exchange rate policy adjustment, first examines the Bretton Woods system start-up period" silent "American interest group, the reason that this" Silence "phenomenon from five aspects: the professional field of international monetary policy; policy places the international monetary isolation oriented government; public opinion propaganda; the dilemma of collective action; the United States economy is relatively closed. Secondly, this paper investigates the interest equalization tax between 1963-1968 domestic and different interest groups around the United States (IET), voluntary foreign credit restraint program (VFCR), foreign direct investment plan (FDIP) to carry out political interest group the analysis of the United States. Finally, adjust the exchange rate between 1968-1973 domestic and foreign interest group behavior and under Nixon.
The fourth chapter "after the Bretton Woods system of interest groups and the exchange rate policy, strong shock first inspected the first round of strong dollar policy to us domestic interest groups brings, and these intense lobbying by interest groups. Then, on the second round of strong dollar policy during the implementation of the interest groups of the collective" voice "phenomenon. In addition, this paper analyzes the financial sector in the US interest groups in the post Bretton Woods system on American exchange rate policy" quietly ". Finally, on foreign interests and exchange rate policy as a role in the adjustment in the United States are discussed.
The fifth chapter "interest group and the United States to China foreign exchange rate", firstly, reviews the origin of American Diplomacy: an undervalued renminbi exchange rate to China on currency manipulation and charges; secondly, investigated the group involved in America's foreign exchange rate in the private economic interests, respectively analyzes the protective economic interest group lobbying and anti American alliance protection economic interest group -- "China lobby" boycott; again, on the China government response to the exchange rate of U.S. diplomatic attitude, strategy and the impact on the United States put pressure on the government; finally, through the comparison of the dollar standard in Japan in response to U.S. foreign exchange rate pressure ability, reveals the short board of America China foreign exchange rate.
The sixth chapter, "conclusion and foresight", briefly summarizes the main conclusions of the chapters in front of the paper, and makes a preliminary discussion on the problems that need further study in the future.

【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：F837.12

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