本文選題：文化權(quán)利　切入點(diǎn)：少數(shù)民族　出處：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：我國是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的多民族國家,少數(shù)民族在我國社會(huì)主義革命和建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,各個(gè)少數(shù)民族在長期的歷史發(fā)展演進(jìn)中形成各自各具特色的文化傳統(tǒng),保護(hù)和弘揚(yáng)少數(shù)民族文化,是文化多樣性的體現(xiàn),是維護(hù)民族團(tuán)結(jié)、國家統(tǒng)一的需要。把少數(shù)民族的文化作為一項(xiàng)權(quán)利對(duì)待,就是將文化權(quán)利化。 少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利是用法律的形式把少數(shù)民族在歷史長河中創(chuàng)造的精神財(cái)富固定的權(quán)利,學(xué)界對(duì)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利法律性質(zhì)還存有普遍權(quán)利與特殊權(quán)利、集體權(quán)利與個(gè)體權(quán)利、公權(quán)與私權(quán)的爭(zhēng)議。權(quán)利的性質(zhì)應(yīng)該是由權(quán)利的法律屬性決定了的,而法律本身對(duì)一個(gè)主權(quán)國家而言具有普遍的約束力,那么所有的權(quán)利都應(yīng)該具有這個(gè)層面上的普遍性,任何權(quán)利都不可能出現(xiàn)所謂的特殊性。少數(shù)民族概念本身就是一個(gè)集體名詞,是對(duì)某一類人的特定稱謂,理所當(dāng)然地,其享有的文化權(quán)利自然就是一種集體權(quán)利。民族成員,只要一旦確認(rèn)其民族身份,他都屬于被確認(rèn)的民族。所以,構(gòu)成某一民族的民族成員可以單獨(dú)存在。從這個(gè)層面上看,少數(shù)民族享有的文化權(quán)利可以是某個(gè)少數(shù)民族成員享有的權(quán)利,因而,這種權(quán)利也可以是個(gè)體權(quán)利。把少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利定性為公權(quán),認(rèn)為是由憲法及其相關(guān)國際公約規(guī)定的,是以國家意志來保護(hù)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利,這種觀點(diǎn)有進(jìn)步意義；把少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利定性為私權(quán),認(rèn)為這種權(quán)利既有物質(zhì)性又有精神性,符合這種權(quán)利具有個(gè)體性的特點(diǎn),有利于讓每個(gè)具體的少數(shù)民族成員積極參與本民族的文化的保護(hù)和發(fā)展。 少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利法律保護(hù)的價(jià)值是指法律在保護(hù)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利過程中所發(fā)揮的作用和功能。從法律層面上看,少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利保護(hù),不僅僅是一個(gè)保障功能,它同時(shí)也應(yīng)該是一個(gè)確認(rèn)功能和規(guī)范功能。少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利法律保護(hù)機(jī)制是實(shí)現(xiàn)用法律手段保護(hù)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利的手段或方法,主要包括立法機(jī)制、執(zhí)法機(jī)制、司法機(jī)制和法律監(jiān)督機(jī)制等。 當(dāng)前,我國在少數(shù)民族物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)方取得了相當(dāng)?shù)某煽?但其存在商業(yè)化和庸俗化等問題。為完善我國有關(guān)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利的保護(hù),比較分析國外國家得失是有重要意義的。在美國,民族主義與種族主義自始自終都糾纏在一起,構(gòu)成了美國發(fā)展的全部歷史過程,少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利的法律保護(hù)是在反種族主義的斗爭(zhēng)中逐步發(fā)展起來。由于各個(gè)族群在政治地位、社會(huì)地位、經(jīng)濟(jì)收入等方面的差異,美國社會(huì)各個(gè)民族之間存在事實(shí)上的不平等,這種不平等導(dǎo)致了種族和民族之間的矛盾和沖突。通過這些斗爭(zhēng),美國的少數(shù)民族逐漸取得了美國憲法賦予的基本文化權(quán)利。在加拿大,多元文化主義的法制化在整個(gè)社會(huì)中形成一種多元文化的權(quán)利觀念,使各個(gè)少數(shù)民族的文化權(quán)利有了切實(shí)的法律制度保障。在加拿大,保護(hù)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利有完備的法律制度體系。前蘇聯(lián)在處理少數(shù)民族問題上,奉行的是民族沙文主義政策,導(dǎo)致了少數(shù)民族的離心離德。 在借鑒國外的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合我國的國情,本文提出了保護(hù)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利的法律對(duì)策：第一,立法對(duì)策,包括完善憲法對(duì)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利的保護(hù)、完善《民族區(qū)域自治法》對(duì)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利的保護(hù)、完善其他法律規(guī)章對(duì)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利的保護(hù)和完善地方法律規(guī)章對(duì)少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利的保護(hù)等。第二,司法對(duì)策,包括明確少數(shù)民族文化權(quán)利的主體、明確訴訟性質(zhì)、重視少數(shù)民族習(xí)慣法在司法過程中的運(yùn)用等；第三,行政對(duì)策,包括深入開展全國少數(shù)民族文化遺產(chǎn)普查、完善非物質(zhì)文化名錄制度、完善非物質(zhì)文化傳承人制度等。
[Abstract]:China is a unified multi-ethnic country, ethnic minorities play an important role in China's socialist revolution and construction, the various ethnic minorities formed their own distinctive evolution in the long historical development of traditional culture, the protection and promotion of minority culture, is to reflect the diversity of culture, is to safeguard national unity and the need of national unity. The minority cultural rights as a treat, is the cultural rights.
The cultural rights of ethnic minorities are in the form of law to create a minority in the history of the spiritual wealth of fixed rights, scholars on the legal nature of the cultural rights of ethnic minorities also have common rights and special rights, collective rights and individual rights, public and private rights dispute. The nature of the rights should be decided by the legal property rights the law itself of a sovereign state has the universal binding, so all rights should be universal at this level, any right is not possible the so-called particularity. Minority concept itself is a collective noun, is the specific name, for a people to behoove the enjoyment of cultural rights, nature is a kind of collective rights. People, as long as once confirmed its national identity, he belongs to recognized ethnic groups. Therefore, constitute a nation The nation can exist alone. From this perspective, the cultural rights of minorities can be a minority rights of members, so this right can also be individual rights. The cultural rights of ethnic minorities as public rights, as prescribed by the Constitution and the relevant international conventions, is based on the national the will to protect the cultural rights of ethnic minorities, progressive this view; the cultural rights of ethnic minorities as a private right, that this right is both material and spiritual, in line with the characteristics of this kind of right is individual, have to actively participate in the protection and development of the national cultural members of ethnic minorities to each specific.
A few of the legal protection of the rights of national culture value refers to the role and function of the law on the protection of cultural rights of ethnic minorities in the process. From the angle of law, protection of minority cultural rights, is not only a security function, it should also be a confirmation function and regulating function. The cultural rights of ethnic minorities law the protection mechanism is implemented means to use legal means to protect the cultural rights of ethnic minorities, including the legislative mechanism, law enforcement mechanism, judicial system and legal supervision mechanism.
At present, our country has made considerable achievements in the national minority intangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage protection, but the existence of commercialization and vulgarization and other issues. In order to protect the perfection of the cultural rights of ethnic minorities, a comparative analysis of foreign countries and is of great significance. In the United States, nationalism and all along of racism are entangled together, constitute the whole history of the development of the United States, the legal protection of minority cultural rights is gradually developed in the anti apartheid struggle. All ethnic groups in the political status as, social status, economic income and other aspects of the differences between the United States and society each nation has in fact not this equality, inequality has led to contradictions and conflicts between racial and ethnic minorities. Through these struggles, the United States has made the United States constitutional basic cultural rights Good. In Canada, multiculturalism, the legalization of the formation of the concept of a pluralistic cultural rights in the whole society, the cultural rights of ethnic minorities have the protection of the legal system effectively. In Canada, the protection of cultural rights of ethnic minorities have a comprehensive legal system. The former Soviet Union in dealing with ethnic issues, pursuing is the national chauvinism policy led to ethnic disunity.
On the basis of foreign countries, combined with China's national conditions, this paper puts forward the legal countermeasures to protect the cultural rights of ethnic minorities: first, legislative measures, including perfecting the constitution of minority cultural rights protection, perfecting the "law of regional national autonomy > protection of minority cultural rights, improve the laws and regulations of other ethnic culture the protection of the rights and improve local laws and regulations for the protection of the rights of minority culture. Second, the judicial countermeasures, including defining the main body of the cultural rights of ethnic minorities, clear litigation characteristics, focus on minority customary law in the judicial process, the use of administrative measures, including; third, carry out the national minority cultural heritage survey perfect non-material cultural directory system, improve the system of intangible cultural heritage and so on.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：D921.8

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