初探一般貨物買賣違約的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)
發(fā)布時間:2018-12-15 06:28
【摘要】:本文是介紹一般貨物買賣違約的風(fēng)險責(zé)任,也就是在違約的情況下,風(fēng)險一般負(fù)擔(dān)原則和違約責(zé)任的競合和協(xié)調(diào)處理。 違約責(zé)任和風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān),兩者是在共同處理標(biāo)的物毀損滅失上是兩種不同的制度方式。 非違約的前提下,風(fēng)險一般是隨著貨物的交付而轉(zhuǎn)移,但是違約的情況下,一般貨物的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)可以用違約責(zé)任來制約,但是既有違約,也有一般風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)的情況下,就涉及到違約責(zé)任和一般風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)的協(xié)調(diào)與配合的復(fù)雜關(guān)系。風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)法律制度,說白了就是風(fēng)險該由誰來承擔(dān),也就是說在雙方當(dāng)事人中由誰來承擔(dān)風(fēng)險,來承擔(dān)這個責(zé)任,這個風(fēng)險的承擔(dān)是應(yīng)該由一個特定的時間點(diǎn)來實(shí)現(xiàn),也就是風(fēng)險的轉(zhuǎn)移的時間點(diǎn),就是說風(fēng)險從哪個時候轉(zhuǎn)移給相對人承擔(dān)。在雙方不違約的情況下,可以根據(jù)一般非違約的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)歸責(zé)來承擔(dān),比如UCP600中規(guī)定FOB是貨物到船上的時候風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移,而在違約的情況下,應(yīng)該使用違約的相關(guān)責(zé)任認(rèn)定歸責(zé),如現(xiàn)行中國內(nèi)地的合同法是采用“嚴(yán)格責(zé)任”和“過錯責(zé)任”雙重歸責(zé)原則。但是現(xiàn)行的合同法比1981年經(jīng)濟(jì)合同法更強(qiáng)調(diào)“嚴(yán)格責(zé)任”。而在民法中是用嚴(yán)格責(zé)任。嚴(yán)格責(zé)任不是覺得的不考慮過錯,不等于“無過錯責(zé)任”。 在我們國家,對于違約的歸責(zé)原則,其已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了由“過錯責(zé)任”向“嚴(yán)格責(zé)任”轉(zhuǎn)化的趨勢。按照著名學(xué)者王利明教授在“違約責(zé)任論”里的觀點(diǎn),我國在民法上是使用“嚴(yán)格責(zé)任”的。但是在合同法領(lǐng)域,是采用了“嚴(yán)格責(zé)任”和“過錯責(zé)任”雙重的歸責(zé)原則。但是我國合同法上的缺陷在于總則中的“嚴(yán)格責(zé)任”未完全在分則中得以體現(xiàn),有些有名合同任何用的是“過錯責(zé)任!痹斐闪撕贤ǹ倓t和分則的不統(tǒng)一,和法律制度上的不完善。 國內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)界對于買賣合同違約時的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)理論很豐富,主要分三種理論: 1、債權(quán)人主義:也就是由債權(quán)人負(fù)擔(dān)貨物毀損滅失的主要風(fēng)險 2、債務(wù)人主義:也就是由債務(wù)人負(fù)擔(dān)貨物毀損滅失的主要風(fēng)險(筆者比較傾向這種學(xué)說) 3、所有人主義:也就是由所有人負(fù)擔(dān)貨物毀損滅失的主要風(fēng)險(這種學(xué)說在指示交付,憑單證完成交付等情況下捉襟見肘) 對于如何協(xié)調(diào)風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)和違約責(zé)任最為有利,成為了當(dāng)今合同法界的一個重大課題,也影響了各類商業(yè)活動的開展。筆者認(rèn)為法律的“價值目的”在于實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增加,“公平目的”在于平衡各方面的利益,而違約時的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)則應(yīng)該合理分配賣方和買方的利益,這樣才能更好的為商業(yè)活動做保駕護(hù)航之作用。 違約也就是說:無正當(dāng)理由違反合同債務(wù)。違約的形態(tài)在羅馬法分來時按照給付不能和遲延履行來區(qū)分。筆者認(rèn)為除了這兩種外,還應(yīng)該有兩種也就是:拒絕履行,不完全履行。在四種違約情形中,本文又重在研究不完全履行時候的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)問題。在描述和解決這個難題之后,筆者用大陸法系中比較典型的幾個國家的做法和德國法做一個比較,,用英美法系中比較典型的“美國統(tǒng)一商法典”作為舉例。提出了違約的的風(fēng)險責(zé)任如何分配一般做法和兩種法系的特殊做法的優(yōu)劣比較。 本文從對比大陸法系,(包括中國臺灣地區(qū))和英美法系在違約的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)制度上的規(guī)定不同,同時結(jié)合分析我國合同法上的相關(guān)法律條文在如何規(guī)定違約的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)的漏洞和不足,或者我國合同法上并沒有相關(guān)規(guī)定,筆者提出一些關(guān)于違約的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)的立法的構(gòu)想,本文認(rèn)為“意外事件”應(yīng)該作為一種非違約的風(fēng)險,納入一般的風(fēng)險負(fù)擔(dān)責(zé)任中。
[Abstract]:This article is to introduce the risk responsibility of the general goods sale and default, that is, in the case of default, the principle of general burden of risk and the concurrence and coordination of the liability for breach of contract. Liability for breach of contract and risk burden, both of which are two different system parties in the loss of common handling of the subject matter In the case of non-default, the risk is generally transferred with the delivery of the goods, but in the event of default, the risk burden of the general goods may be restricted by the liability for breach of contract, but both the default and the general risk Coordination and coordination of liability for breach of contract and general risk The risk-burden legal system is that it is the risk that the risk should be borne by who, that is to say, who is taking the risk to bear the responsibility in the party's party, this risk should be realized by a specific time point, that is, the transfer of the risk Point of time, that is, which time the risk is transferred to the opposite The person assumes that, in the event of a non-default between the two parties, the liability shall be borne by the liability of the general non-default risk, such as the risk shift when the FOB is the goods to the ship in the UCP600, and in the event of a default, the relevant liability for breach of contract shall be recognized. The contract law of the mainland of China is the dual return of the 鈥渟trict liability鈥
本文編號:2380138
[Abstract]:This article is to introduce the risk responsibility of the general goods sale and default, that is, in the case of default, the principle of general burden of risk and the concurrence and coordination of the liability for breach of contract. Liability for breach of contract and risk burden, both of which are two different system parties in the loss of common handling of the subject matter In the case of non-default, the risk is generally transferred with the delivery of the goods, but in the event of default, the risk burden of the general goods may be restricted by the liability for breach of contract, but both the default and the general risk Coordination and coordination of liability for breach of contract and general risk The risk-burden legal system is that it is the risk that the risk should be borne by who, that is to say, who is taking the risk to bear the responsibility in the party's party, this risk should be realized by a specific time point, that is, the transfer of the risk Point of time, that is, which time the risk is transferred to the opposite The person assumes that, in the event of a non-default between the two parties, the liability shall be borne by the liability of the general non-default risk, such as the risk shift when the FOB is the goods to the ship in the UCP600, and in the event of a default, the relevant liability for breach of contract shall be recognized. The contract law of the mainland of China is the dual return of the 鈥渟trict liability鈥
本文編號:2380138
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