本文關鍵詞： 自然法 馬里旦 方法論 稟賦 人權　出處：《重慶大學》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：本文是一篇介紹馬里旦自然法思想的文章，主要在于討論新托馬斯主義的代表人物之一——雅克·馬里旦的自然法思想。馬里旦的自然法思想主要是源于托馬斯·阿奎那，他們的共同之處在于預設上帝的存在，預設人類能夠在一定程度上體驗到上帝的愛，所以他們都把法律，或者說宇宙規(guī)則分為四類，即永恒法、自然法、萬民法（在托馬斯的四分法中有“神法”）、實在法，他們都把永恒不變的永恒法作為另外三類法律的最高指導和權威。雖然阿奎那的理論在中世紀具有深遠的影響，但是隨著科學的發(fā)展和自然法內部的自我異化，自然法的影響在西方世界逐漸式微，對上帝的信仰和對理性的崇敬開始減弱，自然法的基礎受到了挑戰(zhàn)。馬里旦的自然法思想雖然來自于托馬斯·阿奎那，但是又不完全同于托馬斯·阿奎那的理論，他面臨的不同的時代背景和時代思潮，要求他提出新的理論支柱，所以他對阿奎那的思想既有繼承又有發(fā)展。首先，在認識方法上，馬里旦提出稟賦知識，這種只有人才擁有的，與人性本能相連的知識是人類了解上帝，了解自然法的基礎；在認識要素上，他提出本體論和認識論，以哲學概念來支持他的論述。他通過對理性自然法的批判，，將自然法回歸到最原始的中世紀的體系中，將自然法乃至自然權利的最高權威賦予上帝，所以自然權利就有了實施的意義和理論支持。他進而提出人權，認為人權是人類基于人的本性所具有的權利，其直接來源是自然法，當然，最終來源就是上帝，所以人權的基礎得到鞏固，不再是缺乏邏輯推敲的理性而已。本文重點介紹了馬里旦自然法的思想基礎與淵源，并論述其內容，對其人權思想加以闡述。 本文共分為六個部分： 引言部分交代了文章的研究背景，意義以及研究方法。 主體部分的第一章節(jié)介紹了阿奎那的法律思想以及馬里旦對阿奎那思想的繼承和發(fā)展。 主體部分的第二章主要介紹了馬里旦自然法思想的方法論，有了研究方法，才能對馬里旦的自然法思想做進一步的了解。 第三章是概括介紹自然法的一章，在了解了其方法以后，本文對馬里旦的自然法做了簡單的界定。 第四章承接上文，由自然法衍生出自然權利、人權，論述馬里旦自然法中的精華，即人權理論。 結論部分是對馬里旦自然法思想的總結，既有對馬里旦自然法的認識，也有對其思想的反思。
[Abstract]:This article is an introduction to Maridan's natural law thought, which is mainly about the natural law thought of Jacques Maritan, one of the representatives of the New Thomas Doctrine, which is mainly derived from Thomas Aquinas. What they have in common is the presupposition of the existence of God, the presupposition that human beings can experience God's love to a certain extent, so they all divide the law, or the rules of the universe, into four categories: eternal law, natural law, The laws of all peoples (in Thomas' quaternion there are "divine laws", "positive laws"), they all have eternal laws as the supreme guidance and authority of the other three kinds of laws. Although Aquinas's theory had a profound influence in the Middle Ages, However, with the development of science and the internal self-alienation of natural law, the influence of natural law gradually declined in the western world, and the belief in God and respect for reason began to weaken. The foundation of natural law was challenged. Maritan's natural law thought, though derived from Thomas Aquinas, was not exactly the same as Thomas Aquinas' theory, which he faced with different backgrounds and trends of thought. He was asked to come up with a new theoretical pillar, so he inherited and developed Aquinas' ideas. First, in terms of cognitive methods, Maritan proposed that talent knowledge, which is owned only by human beings, Knowledge linked to human instinct is the basis of human understanding of God and of natural law; in terms of cognitive elements, he puts forward ontology and epistemology to support his argument with philosophical concepts. He criticizes rational natural law. Returning natural law to the most primitive system of the Middle Ages, giving God the supreme authority of natural law and even natural rights, so that natural rights have the meaning of implementation and theoretical support. Considering that human rights are the rights of human beings based on human nature and that their direct source is natural law and, of course, that the ultimate source is God, the foundation of human rights has been consolidated, This paper mainly introduces the ideological basis and origin of the natural law of Mali, and discusses its contents, and expounds its human rights thought. This paper is divided into six parts:. The introduction explains the research background, significance and research methods of the article. The first chapter of the main part introduces Aquinas legal thought and his inheritance and development. The second chapter of the main part mainly introduces the methodology of Malian Dan's natural law thought, only with the research method, can we make a further understanding of Malian Dan's natural law thought. The third chapter is a general introduction of natural law, after understanding its methods, this paper makes a simple definition of Maritan natural law. Chapter 4th follows the above, from the natural law derived from natural rights, human rights, the essence of the natural law of Mali, that is, the theory of human rights. The conclusion is a summary of the thought of Malian natural law, both the understanding of Malian natural law and the reflection of Malian natural law.
【學位授予單位】：重慶大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D909.1

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前1條

1 梁健;;托馬斯·阿奎那與新托馬斯主義[J];上海大學學報(社會科學版);1990年04期

本文編號：1529808