發(fā)布時間：2018-02-24 02:23

  本文關鍵詞： 社會本位 民國民法 民法理論 立法 司法　出處：《南京大學》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：南京國民政府時期社會本位的民法秩序建構是中國民法近代化歷程中引人矚目的一段往事。社會本位在二十世紀二、三十年代成為居于主流地位的法律理念,與中國社會當時的歷史環(huán)境密不可分。在救亡圖存的歷史背景下,本該在近代化進程中得到清理的整體主義思潮得以保留,并在某些方面得到強化；同樣植根于救亡圖存、與社會本位主張頗多重合的三民主義成為官方意識形態(tài)。在這種條件之下,社會本位思潮一經(jīng)傳入,立刻被中國社會熱烈擁抱,成為定為一尊的法律思想。在民法制定過程中,基于中外交往方面和國內(nèi)現(xiàn)實方面的考慮,社會本位理念主宰了民法的價值取向。這種價值抉擇的結果在民法理論學說、立法和司法層面皆有充分的展現(xiàn)。在民法理論學說層面,法學家將三民主義和社會本位加以勾連,以社會利益為標準,對民法中的諸多重要范疇進行了有別于傳統(tǒng)民法的定位。社會本位被認為是個人本位的取代物,是民法發(fā)展的高級階段；民法和公法一樣,皆以社會利益為最終依歸；權利是個人為完成社會的職能而產(chǎn)生與存在；在私權行使方面,出于社會利益考慮,強制私權行使與禁止權利濫用應成為一般原則。這些對社會本位時代民法風貌的中國式刻畫,對民法作為權利保障之法的根本屬性不無偏離。在立法層面,民法對社會利益的追求體現(xiàn)為以南京國民政府的社會政策指導立法過程。在財產(chǎn)法領域,以永佃權為例,面對土地問題和傳統(tǒng)的租佃關系格局,民法力圖確立物權邏輯和市場邏輯以利于社會經(jīng)濟之發(fā)達；同時出于扶助耕農(nóng)和“平均地權”的土地政策,在永佃權的制度建構上給永佃權人多方面的傾斜。在身份法領域,出于實現(xiàn)“革命民權”和男女平等的目標,女子繼承權不但在法律上被完整確立,并在權能的實現(xiàn)中得到相當?shù)恼疹櫤蛢A斜。在司法層面,法官秉持社會本位司法理念,以社會利益為考量適用法律。對合于社會利益的民間習慣加以認可和扶持,對不合于社會政策的民間習慣則予以摒棄；同時在司法中突破形式正義的法律常規(guī),遵循黨義、社會政策和立法精神,對作為社會利益載體的特殊群體之權益加以保護和扶持。就中國民法近代化的歷程整體以觀,社會本位改變了清末以來法律理念的猶疑不定和政出多門,實現(xiàn)了近代中國立法原則和精神的統(tǒng)一,并對私權保障和舊有社會格局的改造起到了某種積極作用。然而,在缺乏市民社會基礎和憲政保障的環(huán)境下,社會本位在理論上被異化,實踐中則使政府和強勢團體以社會利益之名侵害個人權利以遂其私的風險表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。這段往事所提出的問題,諸如公益和私權、政府與社會、集體與個人在法律上究竟該如何定位,今天仍然值得我們深思。
[Abstract]:The construction of the civil law order of the social standard in the Nanjing National Government was a remarkable event in the course of the modernization of China's civil law. The social standard became the mainstream legal idea on 20th century and 30s. It was inseparable from the historical environment of Chinese society at that time. In the historical background of saving the nation from the dead, the trend of holism, which should have been cleaned up in the process of modernization, was preserved and strengthened in some ways; it was also rooted in saving the nation from the dead and seeking survival. The three people's principles, which overlapped with the social standard, became the official ideology. Under this condition, the social-standard thought was embraced warmly by Chinese society and became a legal thought. In the process of making civil law, Based on the consideration of Chinese and foreign communication and domestic reality, the concept of social standard dominates the value orientation of civil law, and the result of this value choice is in the theory of civil law. In the theoretical level of civil law, jurists combine the three people's principles with the social standard and regard social interests as the standard. Different from the traditional civil law, the social standard is regarded as the substitute of the individual standard and the advanced stage of the development of the civil law. The right is the individual produces and exists in order to complete the social function, in the aspect of the private right exercise, for the social benefit consideration, The compulsory exercise of private rights and the prohibition of abuse of rights should become general principles. These Chinese depictions of the style and features of civil law in the era of social standard deviate from the fundamental attribute of civil law as the law of right protection. The pursuit of social interests in civil law is embodied in the process of legislation guided by the social policy of the Nanjing National Government. In the field of property law, the permanent tenancy right is taken as an example to face the land problem and the traditional tenancy relationship pattern. The civil law tries to establish the logic of real right and the logic of market in order to benefit the development of society and economy, at the same time, from the land policy of helping farming and "average land right", it inclines the permanent tenancy right in many aspects in the system construction of permanent tenancy right, and in the field of identity law. In order to realize the goal of "revolutionary civil rights" and equality between men and women, women's inheritance rights are not only completely established in law, but also given considerable attention and inclination in the realization of power. Considering the social interests as the consideration of the applicable law, we should recognize and support the folk customs which are in line with the social interests, and abandon the folk customs which are not in line with the social policies; at the same time, we should break through the legal norms of formal justice in the administration of justice and follow the Party's righteousness. The spirit of social policy and legislation protects and supports the rights and interests of special groups as carriers of social interests. In view of the process of modernization of Chinese civil law as a whole, the social standard has changed the uncertainty of legal ideas and the emergence of many branches of government since the end of the Qing Dynasty. It realized the unification of the principles and spirit of modern Chinese legislation, and played a positive role in the protection of private rights and the transformation of the old social pattern. However, in the absence of civil society foundation and constitutional protection, The social standard is alienated in theory, but in practice, the government and the powerful organizations violate the individual rights in the name of social interests and the risks of infringing on their private rights are displayed incisively and vividly. The problems raised in the past, such as public welfare and private rights, government and society, How to position the collective and individual in the law is still worth our deep thinking today.
【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D929
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本文編號：1528513