本文關(guān)鍵詞：公共利益的法哲學(xué)思考　出處：《西南大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 利益 公共 法哲學(xué) 公共利益

【摘要】：公共利益在法哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域具有重大的價(jià)值與意義,不但能夠促進(jìn)法學(xué)理論的發(fā)展,而且可以促進(jìn)法律實(shí)務(wù)問題的解決。因此,自從公元前5-6世紀(jì)的古希臘和羅馬時(shí)期,西方就有人開始研究公共利益這一問題。亞里士多德認(rèn)為國家的目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)最高的善,它是最高的社團(tuán)。在現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)中最高的善的物化形式就是我們所說的公共利益。德國法學(xué)家耶林在19世紀(jì)初第一個(gè)將社會(huì)公共利益與個(gè)人利益最早結(jié)合起來,并且著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了社會(huì)公共利益。社會(huì)法學(xué)派從20世紀(jì)中后期開始對(duì)利益問題進(jìn)行專門研究,龐德作為其代表人物認(rèn)為：法律是一種社會(huì)控制或社會(huì)工程,20世紀(jì)法學(xué)家應(yīng)更多關(guān)注社會(huì)利益。他將利益劃分為個(gè)人利益、公共利益和社會(huì)利益。公共利益從此以后越來越受到法學(xué)界的關(guān)注。 英美法系和大陸法系的學(xué)者都對(duì)公共利益進(jìn)行了研究。在英美法系,不同的學(xué)者對(duì)公共利益的理解有所不同,但他們集中研究的主要方面是公共利益的概念。美國博登海默對(duì)公共利益的范圍和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了研究并指出了一些基本的原則,但對(duì)公共利益的概念并未作出明確界定,“首先,共同福利或公共福利不能認(rèn)為是個(gè)人欲望和要求的簡(jiǎn)單的總和。其次,我們也不能同意將公共福利視為政府當(dāng)局所做的政策決定�！焙嗤㈩D認(rèn)為公共利益是公共機(jī)構(gòu)的利益。這種觀點(diǎn)指出了公共利益是抽象和復(fù)雜的,但將公共利益等同于政府利益的觀點(diǎn)有待商榷。英國約翰·貝爾(John Bell)認(rèn)為,“公共利益”凸顯一個(gè)基本的社會(huì)價(jià)值,這些價(jià)值雖然無法窮盡,但卻可以進(jìn)行歸納。米爾恩教授(Milne)在題為“公共利益、政治悖論及其判斷”一文中指出：“公共利益”根本就是一個(gè)政治悖論。這種觀點(diǎn)雖然指出了公共利益的價(jià)值性特征,但并末揭示出公共利益的內(nèi)涵。 大陸法系的學(xué)者認(rèn)為與“公共利益”相關(guān)的概念是公共秩序,又被稱為“公序良俗”,此點(diǎn)與英美法系不同。德國公法學(xué)者漢斯·來弗爾認(rèn)為,公益與民眾福祉的內(nèi)涵與外延不同�？枴ずＢび葼杽t強(qiáng)調(diào),公益與民眾福祉是否同義,常常會(huì)因研究重點(diǎn)的不同而呈現(xiàn)出不同的結(jié)果。大多數(shù)大陸法系學(xué)者對(duì)公共利益持肯定態(tài)度,并以此為基礎(chǔ)來尋求公共利益的界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。德國公法學(xué)者洛厚德提出以“地域基礎(chǔ)”作為界定人群的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將“公共利益”界定為“一個(gè)相關(guān)空間內(nèi)關(guān)系人數(shù)的大多數(shù)人的利益”。紐曼·斯克奴(Roman Schnur)則提出“不確定多數(shù)人理論”,將公共利益界定為“一個(gè)不確定之多數(shù)成員所涉及的利益”。目前,“量廣”、“質(zhì)高”理論是德國解釋“公共利益”的最有影響的理論。 本文從法哲學(xué)角度對(duì)公共利益進(jìn)行研究與探討,主要內(nèi)容包括以下三個(gè)方面： 第一,歷史上公共利益學(xué)說評(píng)述。對(duì)于公共利益這一問題,西方哲學(xué)史上的先賢們多有論述,他們各自從不同的角度提出了自己的觀點(diǎn),這些觀點(diǎn)對(duì)我們今天的學(xué)術(shù)研究仍有極為重要的借鑒意義。因此,筆者先對(duì)西方歷史上存在的有關(guān)公共利益的學(xué)說進(jìn)行評(píng)述,評(píng)述的對(duì)象包括柏拉圖、亞里士多德、阿奎那、盧梭、邊沁與龐德,在此基礎(chǔ)上提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。 第二,公共利益的界定與相關(guān)概念辨析。通過第一部分對(duì)西方歷史上六位先賢關(guān)于公共利益觀點(diǎn)的評(píng)述,對(duì)于公共利益的各種觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)有了大致的輪廓。在此基礎(chǔ)上,筆者對(duì)公共利益的概念進(jìn)行了界定,論證了公共利益的七個(gè)特征,然后分析了公共利益與其他四個(gè)相關(guān)概念的區(qū)別。 第三,公共利益在法律上的價(jià)值。無論是評(píng)述歷史上關(guān)于公共利益的各種學(xué)說,還是對(duì)公共利益進(jìn)行概念界定,其最終的落腳點(diǎn)都是分析公共利益在法律上的價(jià)值。通過前面兩個(gè)部分的論述,筆者繼而分析了公共利益在法律上三個(gè)方面的價(jià)值,即有利于平等與自由原則的實(shí)現(xiàn)、有利于法律規(guī)范的完善與有利于訴訟制度的建立。 列寧曾經(jīng)說過：沒有革命的理論,就沒有革命的實(shí)踐。理論的探索是必須并且也是必要的,只有有了正確的理論指導(dǎo),才能產(chǎn)生有效的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。筆者對(duì)于公共利益的探討只是理論層面上的,雖然也涉及實(shí)務(wù)問題的分析,但還是比較淺顯。筆者寫作該文的目的,也只是想從法哲學(xué)的角度解決公共利益理論上的一些問題。當(dāng)然,由于筆者水平有限,理論深度可能不夠,希望諸位同仁批評(píng)指正。
[Abstract]:Public interest is of great value and significance in the field of philosophy of law, not only can promote the development of legal theory, but also can promote to solve the problem of legal practice. Therefore, since the 5-6 century BC in ancient Greece and Rome period, western people began to study public interest in this problem. Aristotle thought the national goal is to achieve the highest good, it is the highest in the community. A materialized form in the social reality, the highest good is what we call the public interest. German jurist Jhering in early nineteenth Century will be the first public interests and personal interests first combined, and stressing the public interests of the society. The social law school from twentieth Century began in the late specialized research on the problem of interest, Pound as its representatives think that law is a social control and social engineering, twentieth Century jurists should pay more attention to the society Interest. He divides the interests into personal interests, public interests and social interests. The public interest has attracted more and more attention from the law circles since then.
The common law and civil law scholars have made research on the public interest. In the Anglo American law system, different understanding of the public interest is different, but they are mainly focused on the concept of public interest. The study of American BODENHEIMER range of public interest and content and points out some basic principles. But on the concept of public interest is not clearly defined, "first of all, the common welfare or public welfare can not be considered to be the sum of simple personal desires and requirements. Secondly, we can not agree to public welfare as for government policy decisions." Huntington believes that the public interest is public interests. This view pointed out that the public interest is abstract and complex, but the public interest will be equal to the government interest point to discuss. The British John Baer (John Bell) said, "public benefit Yi "highlights a basic social value, these values although not exhaustive, but it can be summarized. Professor Milne (Milne) entitled" public interests, points out that the Political Paradox and judgment "in an article:" public interest "is a fundamental political paradox. This view has pointed out the value of the public of interest, but at the end and reveals the connotation of public interest.
Civil law scholars believe that with the related concept of "public interest" is the public order, also known as the "public order and good morals", this point and common law. German law scholar Hans Ryffel believes that the connotation and extension of public welfare and public welfare. Karl Hyman Joel stressed that the public welfare and well-being of the people is often synonymous. Because of the different emphasis and showing different results. Most scholars hold positive attitude to public interests, and as a basis for the standard definition of public interest. The German law scholar Lop de Te to the "geographical basis" as defined in the standard group, the definition of "public interest" as the "most people a the relationship between the number of space interests." Newman, Sikenu (Roman Schnur) put forward the "uncertain majority theory", the public interest will be defined as "a "The interests involved by the majority of the members". At present, the "broad" and "high quality" theory is the most influential theory in Germany to explain the "public interest".
This paper studies and discusses the public interests from the perspective of legal philosophy, and the main contents include the following three aspects:
First, the history of public interest theory review. For the public interest of this problem, the history of western philosophy sages have discussed, they put forward their views from different angles, these views on today's academic research still has very important significance. Therefore, the author first reviews the existing the history of the western theory of public interest, the review included Platon, Aristotle, Aquinas, Rousseau, Bentham and Pound, on this basis, put forward their own views.
Second, the definition of public interest and related concepts. The first part of the six sages of Western History Review on the public interest point of view, the various views of the public interest has been outlined. On this basis, the concept of public interest is defined, it demonstrates seven characteristics of public interest, and then analyzes the difference between the public interest and the other four related concepts.
Third, the value of public interest in law. No matter what kind of theory about the public interest review history, or to the public interest concept, its ultimate goal is to analyze the value of public interest in law. Through the two part of the previous discussion, the author then analyzes the value of public interests in three aspects the law, which is beneficial to the realization of the principle of equality and freedom, is conducive to improving the legal norms and the establishment of the litigation system.
Lenin once said: "without revolutionary theory there is no revolutionary practice. Theoretical exploration is necessary and is necessary, only with the correct theoretical guidance, in order to produce effective practice. The author discussed the public interest only on a theoretical level, although the analysis also relates to the practical problems, but still relatively simple the purpose of this paper. The author writing, just want to solve some of the problems of public interest theory from the aspect of philosophy of law. Of course, due to the limited level of the author, the theoretical depth may not be enough, I hope you Tongren criticism.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D90

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