【摘要】：立體幾何是高中數(shù)學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容,是在初中平面幾何的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步研究空間中點(diǎn)、線、面之間的關(guān)系。立體幾何是高中數(shù)學(xué)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),也是歷年高考必考的內(nèi)容。然而,從學(xué)生的實(shí)際學(xué)習(xí)情況得知,學(xué)生對(duì)立體幾何這部分內(nèi)容的學(xué)習(xí)效果并不理想,主要表現(xiàn)在立體幾何的學(xué)習(xí)中,學(xué)生往往在面對(duì)具體問題時(shí)感到束手無策。那么學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)立體幾何時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度如何;對(duì)立體幾何中涉及的基本概念、定理理解如何;對(duì)把握?qǐng)D形的能力、幾何直觀與空間想象能力、邏輯推理能力如何,學(xué)生在立體幾何學(xué)習(xí)中究竟存在哪些障礙都是急需研究的問題。文本通過問卷調(diào)查與測(cè)試卷的形式對(duì)六安市某中學(xué)高二206名學(xué)生從學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)立體幾何的態(tài)度、學(xué)生對(duì)立體幾何基本知識(shí)的掌握程度、學(xué)生對(duì)圖形的把握能力、學(xué)生對(duì)幾何語言的運(yùn)用能力等方進(jìn)行調(diào)研,發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生立體幾何學(xué)習(xí)障礙主要分為三個(gè)方面:第一,認(rèn)識(shí)障礙:立體幾何學(xué)習(xí)中在圖形的感知、定義定理的記憶和理解、思維判斷和空間圖形的想象等方面的障礙;第二,操作障礙:在知識(shí)的應(yīng)用、證明方法和思路、定理以及思想方法的選擇和畫圖等方面的障礙;第三,情感障礙:情感是人們內(nèi)心對(duì)外界事物所持的肯定或者否定,積極或者消極態(tài)度的體現(xiàn),包括態(tài)度的認(rèn)知、情感和行為傾向三個(gè)方面的障礙。根據(jù)圍繞以上障礙分析了這些障礙產(chǎn)生的原因,并分別提出相應(yīng)的解決對(duì)策。第一,認(rèn)識(shí)障礙方面:夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),促進(jìn)學(xué)生理解;加強(qiáng)初高中知識(shí)的銜接;規(guī)范語言教學(xué),提高數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)能力;切實(shí)了解學(xué)生現(xiàn)有認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)和知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)水平。第二,操作障礙方面:重視數(shù)學(xué)思想方法的教學(xué);逐步提高學(xué)生的空間想象能力;注重?cái)?shù)學(xué)閱讀能力的培養(yǎng);第三,情感障礙方面:激發(fā)學(xué)生求知欲;幫助學(xué)生明確學(xué)習(xí)目的和計(jì)劃;良好和諧的師生關(guān)系。
[Abstract]:Stereoscopic geometry is an important content of high school mathematics. On the basis of the plane geometry of junior high school, the relationship between points, lines and surfaces in space is further studied. Three-dimensional geometry is the key and difficult point of high school mathematics. It is also the content of the entrance examination of the college entrance examination. However, from the actual study situation of the students, the students' study of this part of the three-dimensional geometry is learned. Learning effect is not ideal, mainly in the study of three-dimensional geometry, students often feel helpless in the face of specific problems. Then the students are learning how to learn the attitude of the three-dimensional geometry, the basic concepts involved in the stereoscopic geometry, the understanding of the theorem, the ability to grasp the graphics, the ability of geometric intuition and space imagination, logic. With the ability of reasoning, what are the obstacles that students need to study in the three-dimensional geometry learning are in urgent need of research. Through the form of questionnaire and test papers, the text of the 206 students in a secondary school in Lu'an is learning the stereoscopic geometry, the students' grasp of the basic knowledge of stereoscopic geometry, and the students' grasp of the graphics. Research on the students' ability to use geometric language and so on. It is found that the students' stereoscopic geometry learning barriers are divided into three main aspects: first, cognitive obstacle: the perception of graphics in stereoscopic geometry learning, the memory and understanding of the definition theorem, the thinking judgment and the imagination of space graphics, and the second, operation obstacle: in knowledge Application, proof of methods and ideas, theorems and the choice of ideas and methods of drawing and other obstacles; third, affective disorder: emotion is the positive or negative attitude of the people to the outside world, the embodiment of positive or negative attitude, including attitude, emotion and behavior tendency in three aspects. The causes of these obstacles are analyzed and the corresponding countermeasures are put forward respectively. First, understanding obstacles: tamping the basic knowledge, promoting students' understanding, strengthening the connection of the early and high school knowledge, standardizing the language teaching, improving the ability of mathematics expression, and understanding the existing cognitive structure and knowledge experience level of the students. Second, operation barriers: Pay attention to the teaching of mathematical thinking and methods; gradually improve the students' spatial imagination; pay attention to the cultivation of mathematical reading ability; third, emotional obstacles: arouse students' desire for knowledge; help students to clear their learning goals and plans; a good and harmonious relationship between teachers and students.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：G633.6

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