本文選題：柏拉圖 + 理想人格��； 參考：《江蘇師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：柏拉圖是全部西方哲學(xué)乃至整個(gè)西方文化最偉大的哲學(xué)家和思想家之一,受希臘人文主義、蘇格拉底思想影響,加之人生閱歷等因素,他在批判繼承希臘神話、荷馬史詩以及古希臘先賢圣哲道德哲學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上,形成了自己鮮明而深刻的理想人格思想。柏拉圖理想人格思想的特征是對凡人意見世界的超越,其內(nèi)涵包括智慧、勇敢、節(jié)制以及正義在內(nèi)的四大美德。柏拉圖理想人格思想旨在通過靈魂的凈化與升華,在人力所能及的范圍內(nèi)超凡脫俗、“變得像神”,從而成為知行合一、真善一體的圣哲。此外,“靈魂”是貫穿柏拉圖理想人格思想的一個(gè)核心概念。在柏拉圖看來,人的靈魂原本是屬神的,正義、不朽、完善,與“宇宙靈魂”同構(gòu),但卻因失去羽翼而墜入塵世,依著于凡俗的肉體以至于成為可朽的、不完善的。因此,實(shí)現(xiàn)理想人格的關(guān)鍵在于應(yīng)從根本上改變靈魂的狀態(tài),恢復(fù)它的本性(自然),亦即通過對“善的相”的認(rèn)識從而回復(fù)到與“宇宙靈魂”同一的境界。這一“靈魂轉(zhuǎn)向”的過程也就是理想人格的塑造過程,而塑造的途徑是依靠正確的教育。柏拉圖認(rèn)為真正的教育包括四藝教育和哲學(xué)教育兩個(gè)階段,兩者的宗旨都并非以實(shí)用為目的,而是為了促成靈魂的轉(zhuǎn)向或完善,使人最終轉(zhuǎn)變成“美且年輕”的蘇格拉底式的圣哲。其中,哲學(xué)教育作為理想人格塑造的“主曲”,猶如一場精神的“朝圣之旅”,是一種能夠改善靈魂?duì)顩r的神圣的迷狂,一旦心智(努斯)憑借愛欲辯證法的力量“突然看到”了“善的相”(存在),先天受損的靈魂便能痊愈,進(jìn)入到一種由“厄洛斯”主導(dǎo)的真正生命形式之中,從而孕育出真實(shí)的美德和真正的知識,產(chǎn)生出受神所寵愛的狀態(tài),達(dá)到理想人格的境界。毫無疑問,柏拉圖通過構(gòu)建“神為善因”、“神賜心智”、“靈魂不朽”等學(xué)說,積極倡導(dǎo)“人向神生成”的道德哲學(xué)觀念,以激勵(lì)人們以神為樣板,努力育養(yǎng)非凡德性,最終成為經(jīng)世濟(jì)民的完人。這種理想人格思想,對啟迪當(dāng)代人擺脫道德倫理困境,尤其是擺脫道德哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)由于相對主義盛行所導(dǎo)致的否定一切價(jià)值的虛無主義,無疑有著積極的借鑒價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:Plato is one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers of all western philosophy and even the whole western culture. Influenced by Greek humanism, Socrates' thought and life experience, he is criticizing and inheriting Greek mythology. On the basis of Homer epic and the moral philosophy of ancient Greek sages and sages, he formed his own distinct and profound ideal personality thought. Plato's ideal personality is characterized by the transcendence of the world of human opinion, which includes four virtues: wisdom, bravery, temperance and justice. Plato's ideal personality thought aims to become "like God" through the purification and sublimation of the soul, and to become a sage of the unity of knowledge and action and the integration of true and good. In addition, soul is a core concept running through Plato's ideal personality. In Plato's view, the human soul originally belongs to God, justice, immortality, perfection, and the "universe soul" structure, but because of the loss of wings and fall into the world, according to the common body to become decadent, imperfect. Therefore, the key to realize the ideal personality is to fundamentally change the state of the soul and restore its nature (nature), that is, to return to the same realm as the "cosmic soul" through the understanding of the "good". The process of "soul turning" is the process of shaping ideal personality, and the way of shaping is to rely on correct education. Plato holds that true education consists of four stages of art education and philosophy education, the purpose of which is not for practical purposes, but for the purpose of making the soul turn or perfect. To turn man into a Socrates sage of beauty and youth. Among them, philosophical education, as the "main song" of shaping the ideal personality, is like a spiritual "pilgrimage", and it is a kind of holy fanatic who can improve the condition of the soul. Once the mind (Nus) "suddenly sees" the "good" (being) with the power of the dialectic of love, the inborn damaged soul recovers into a true form of life dominated by Eros. It gives birth to true virtue and real knowledge, produces the state of being favored by God, and achieves the state of ideal personality. There is no doubt that Plato actively advocated the moral philosophy of "man to God" by constructing such theories as "God is the cause of good", "God gives the mind", "immortal soul" and so on, in order to encourage people to take God as a model and strive to nurture extraordinary virtue. Finally, he became a perfect man to help the people. This ideal personality thought undoubtedly has the positive reference value to enlighten the contemporary people to get rid of the moral ethics predicament, especially to get rid of the nihilism which negates all values caused by the prevailing relativism in the field of moral philosophy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：江蘇師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B502.232

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